Ctaea: Ch. 8 - Propositions And Stock Issues

Front 1

stock issues:

Back 1

typical issues and arguments that arise

Front 2

proposition:

Back 2

declarative statement that an advocate intends to support in the argument (some stated formally, some informally, some just implied)

Front 3

assertion:

Back 3

a claim that has no support

Front 4

burden of proof:

Back 4

responsibility to provide sufficient evidence and reasoning to justify acceptance by a critical thinker

Front 5

presumption:

Back 5

perspective that the proposition should NOT be accepted until sufficient evidence and reasoning have been provided to justify acceptance

Front 6

prima facie case:

Back 6

1st requirement for fulfilling burden of proof. Means, "on its face" and refers to an argument that presents enough evidence and support that person thinking critically ought to accept the proposition, at least until the argument is refuted.

Front 7

burden of refutation:

Back 7

opposition has this, which is the responsibility of those opposed to the proposition to dispute the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the advocate has presented

Front 8

burden of proof:

Back 8

responsibility to provide evidence and reasoning for each claim put forth

Front 9

proposition of fact:

Back 9

when an advocate argues in favor of accepting a statement that something is factually true, was factually true, or will be factually true, then she supports a preposition of fact.

Front 10

proposition of future fact:

Back 10

1st stock issue for a proposition of fact

Front 11

authoritative definition:

Back 11

some expert source on the subject

Front 12

operational definition:

Back 12

meanings of the terms will become clear by the way you use them in your argument

Front 13

criteria:

Back 13

2nd stock issue for proposition of fact. seeks to establish how to determine whether proposition is true or not

Front 14

application:

Back 14

final stock issue for a proposition of fact, you argue that the criteria are being met, were met, or will be met, so the proposition is true.

Front 15

proposition of value:

Back 15

support an evaluation about something, such as how good a product is

Front 16

value:

Back 16

an argument of which value or set of values is the most important in drawing a conclusion about this subject

Front 17

status quo:

Back 17

existing state of affairs

Front 18

harm:

Back 18

1st stock issue of a policy proposition

Front 19

significance:

Back 19

shows you how bad the harm is

Front 20

inherency:

Back 20

refers to what is causing the harm in the status quo, or why the harm hasn't already been solved

Front 21

structural inherency:

Back 21

refers to laws, regulations, and judicial decision that either force or encourage people to do things

Front 22

attitudinal inherency:

Back 22

attitudes people hold that cause the problem and that are unlikely to change without some kind of legislated encouragement

Front 23

plan:

Back 23

what you propose to be done to solve the problem

Front 24

minor repair:

Back 24

acknowledges that some change is called for, but not a complete policy change, and no the policy called for by the proposition

Front 25

counterplan:

Back 25

agreeing that the harm exists and that a major change is needed, but it would be better to solve the problem in a way that differs form that called for in the proposition.

Front 26

solvency:

Back 26

addresses the question, "how much of the problem will be solved by the plan?"

Front 27

advantages/disadvantages:

Back 27

final stock issue of policy argumentation. addresses the question, "what will be the benefits of adopting the plan?"

Front 28

comparative advantage approach:

Back 28

alternate way to address a policy proposition is to argue that implementation of the plan would lead to benefits

Front 29

fallacies associates with types of arguments and stock issues:

Back 29

-appeal to ignorance
-complex question
-complex proposition
-appeal to consequences
-a priori
-extension