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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fallacy:
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an argument that appears to be sound reasoning but, in fact, is flawed. sometimes on purpose, sometimes they don't realize it.
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sophisticated refutation:
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person asking the questions is "refuting" the claim that the other person agreed to support
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informal fallacies:
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arguments that are flawed because of mistaken assumption in the premises, errors in language, misuse of evidence, or violation of principles of argumentation
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formal fallacies:
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fallacies that occur because of mistakes in the logical structure of the argument.
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Fallacies dependent on language:
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First 6
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Fallacies outside of language:
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Last 7
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1. Equivocation:
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changing the meaning of terms during the argument
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2. Amphiboly:
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using language in a way that allows statements to have more than one meaning.
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3. Composition:
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saying that what is true of an entire thing is true of each individual part of that thing.
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4. Division:
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saying that what is true of an entire thing is true of each individual part of that thing.
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5. Accent:
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using vocal emphasis to create statements with more than one meaning.
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6. Figure of speech:
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treating figurative statements as if they were literal.
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7. Accident:
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treating an inessential quality of something as if it were an essential quality.
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8. Secundum quid:
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arguing for a generalization without sufficient basis for the generalization
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9. Ignoratio elenchi:
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ignorance of the rules and procedures of refutation.
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10. Begging the question:
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asking the respondent to grant the very proposition in dispute.
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11. Affirming the consequent:
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in the argument form, "If A then B," getting the respondent to grant "B" and using the concession as proof of "A"
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12. False cause:
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falsely identifying one event as the cause of another.
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13. Many questions:
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explicitly or implicitly asking multiple questions at once, so a straightforward yes-or-no answer cannot answer all of the questions.
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non-sequitur fallacy:
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happens when the evidence and reasoning for an argument don't really pertain to the claim, or when the response to an argument doesn't really relate to what it's mean to respond to. (conclusion doesn't follow from the premises, or the answer doesn't follow the question.)
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fallacy fallacy:
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someone decides that the conclusion of an argument must be wrong because there was a fallacy in the reasoning.
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