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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mortise and tenon joint
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connections for bracing members of frame in heavy mill construction
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house kit
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contemporary braced frame kit
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heavy timber dimensional members
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each member of heavy timber frame plays a key role structurally either bearing or spanning
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mill construction
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comprised of an interior frame of heavy timber columns and beams supporting a thick floor deck of solid wood
load bearing masonry walls support the floor beams at perimeter of the structure |
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mill construction elements
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masonry bearing walls
chamfered columns pintle caps dogs floor girders (span wall to column) fire cuts floor beams (span girder to girder) floor planking (thick decking) roof trusses roof planking |
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girder connection
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beam to wall
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beam connection
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column to girder
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column connection
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column to column or pintle
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roof (trusses or girders/beams)
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roof to wall
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beam
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floor to girder
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fire cut
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end of girder/beam cut at an angle so that the beam can fall out of its pocket and not damage masonry in case of a fire
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chamfered
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edges of heavy timber elements are cut so the thin corners of wood don't catch fire easily
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haunches/shoulder blocks
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beams rest on them in column to beam on bearing plates
connected with split rings through the column |
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purlins (like beam)
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span trusses
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engineered heavy timber
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steel & mechanical connections
dimensionally stable (no shrinkage) |
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wattle and daub
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mud and straw mix to fill in braced heavy timber frame (tudor style)
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heavy timber IBC
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type 4
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roof planking
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spans purlins
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heavy timber- hinge connection
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used for longer spans
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what are the advantages of precast concrete?
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control of manufacturing process (no temp disturbances, finishes are produced off site, higher quality of individual parts)
lower cost bc repetitive parts no site formwork to build faster construction time construction process similar to steel |
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precast concrete design flexibility, efficiency & speed
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made of type 2 portland cement
elements are steam cured by hydration 24 hour cycle for production of elements |
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elements of precast concrete
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columns
beams girders slabs wall panels |
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disadvantage of precast concrete
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transportation is expensive
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precast floor slab:
solid slab |
short spans
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precast floor slab:
hollow core slabs |
intermediate spans
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precast floor slab:
double & single tee |
longest spans
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pre cast beam:
rectangular |
short spans
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pre cast beam:
L shaped |
perimeter spans
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pre cast beam:
inverted tee |
interior spans
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pre cast beam:
AASHTO |
for bridges
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pre cast beam:
ledgers |
support spanning slab elements
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bolting/ welding
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steel to steel connections
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dry packing
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-grout used to protect steel from fire and corrosion
-packed with portland cemement |
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steel definition
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-any of a range of alloys of iron and carbon that contain less than 2% carbon
-ordinary structural steel/ "mild steel" contains .003% carbon -carbon content is what distinguishes the material iron from steel |
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cast iron
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-molten iron poured into a mold and allowed to harden
-no working of iron -weaker/more brittle -contains 3-4% carbon |
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wrought iron
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-iron that has been purified by being struck with a hammer
-increased strength by interleaving the fibers of slag (more dense) -ex. Eiffel tower |
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early steel fire proofing
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clay tiles btwn beams
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steel making process
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1- molten iron produced in blast furnace (iron ore,coal & limestone)
2- molten steel produced by adding oxygen (burns out impurities) admixtures added 3-molten steel cast in molds, ingots, blooms & slabs are pre shapes 4-structural steel shape made by passing the bloom/slab thru heavy rollers |
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rigid frame
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-steel construction beam to column connections
-rigid to remain unchanged geometry -moment conection |
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simple frame
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-steel construction
-requires diagonal bracing/shear wall bracing -shear connections |
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semi rigid frame
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-steel construction, connections not as rigid
-possess dependable & predictable moment resisting capacity -bolted/welded connection |
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steel frame stabilizers against lateral forces
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diagonal bracing, shear panels & moment connections
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base plates
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-column to column connections for steel framing
-leveled using concrete grout |
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tiers
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2 floors at a time
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"plumbed up"
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each tier is made level before final connections are made
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drift pins
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hold 2 members together for bolting
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topping out
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tradition of hoisting the final member of construction with a flag or tree (ceremony)
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open web steel joists
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act as both girders (larger spans, greater depth) and beams (smaller spans and depth)
-light weight but stronger |
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floor decking in steel framing
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-corrugated metal decking topped with concrete
-secured to supporting beam/joists with welding studs |
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fire proofing steel construction
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1- encasement in concrete
2- enclosure in plaster/lath or gypsum 3- spray on fireproofing 4-slab fireproofing (mineral wood) 5-intumescent paints |
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Q: what is similar in the performance of bearing pads & setting blocks?
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A: glass unit- thermal breaks, setting blocks keep glass from contacting glass and cushion it. bearing pads isolates concrete
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flange
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horizontal pieces in beams
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web
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vertical pieces in beams
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the framing plan
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calls out sizes of members only
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fabricator
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produces the drawings specifying all of the bolts and welded connections
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welding types
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double bevel, puddle, v-groove,
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raw materials of glass
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sand
soda ash lime alumina potassium oxide color agents |
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crown glass
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-made by spinning iron punty, causing semi molten glass to expand and become thin enough to cut
-bullseye in center |
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cylinder glass
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-made by swinging punty back and forth to elongate the glass bulb
-larger pieces of glass -reheated, cut and flattened |
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float glass
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-high production method developed by Pilkinton Bros
-continuous sheet of glass floated over bath of liquid metal -heating carefully controlled for better quality & structural performance (hardness) |
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annealed glass
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-process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed
-done so in Lehr (kiln) -critical to durability (liable to crack/shatter if not treated) |
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tempered glass
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-reheated annealed glass that has been cooled rapidly with blasts of cold air (causes tension inside and compression out)
-when glass breaks it explodes into granules -used for glass when ppl will come in contact with it |
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glass lite
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panel of glazing
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laminated glass
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-transparent polyvinyl butryal (PVB) interlayer between 2 panels of annealed float glass and fused in an autoclave
-if it breaks vinyl is securely adhered to glass an no shards will fall -required for skylights,roof windows, windshields |
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double glazing
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-strategy to counteract effects of glass being a poor thermal insulator
-2nd sheet of glass & air space added -reduced heat loss by 1/2 -key is evacuation of air from airspace bc condensation |
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low emissivity coating
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-applied to float glass prior to being assembled into glazing panels
-ultra thin & transparent & reflect wavelengths -reflective surfaces, gels, coated films, louvers |
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glazing methods
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1- support glass
2-support glass against wind pressure & suction 3-isolate the glass from structural forces of building & frame 4- allow for expansion & contraction of glass & frame without damage to either 5- avoid contact of glass w/ anything |
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structural silicone sealant
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allows for exterior envelopes of glass to appear mullion-less
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spider fitting
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-critical component of planar system (pilkington bros)
-fitting grips 4 glazing panels at their corners and transfers load to internal connections consisting of nodes and cables -forces of glass must be taken thru interior structure that transfers load |
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4 point frameless glazing system
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all structural loads are carried thru network of cables or stiff extrusions back to structure
-no glass to glass loading |
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glass fin vertical support system
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glass lights are supported by fins & connections of steel at the intersection of the fins
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