Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does a computer system consist of?
|
At least three elements:
Hardware Software Computer Users |
|
|
What is hardware?
|
The physical components of the machine
|
|
|
What is software?
|
The instructions that make the hardware work to solve problems.
|
|
|
The organization of a computer includes at least 5 hardware components. What are these?
|
Input Device
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Internal Memory Output Device External Memory or Storage |
|
|
What does processing hardware include?
|
The CPU and internal memory
|
|
|
This piece of hardware is the brain of the computer. It consists of a control unit that directs the activities of the machine and an arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) to perform mathematical calculations and data comparisons.
|
CPU
|
|
|
What are the three categories of software?
|
systems software
applications software software developmental tools |
|
|
What is systems software?
|
Programs that start up the computer and coordinate the activities of all hardware components and applications software.
|
|
|
What is applications software?
|
Programs developed by computer systems users to solve specific problems.
|
|
|
What are software developmental tools?
|
These include computer or programming languages such as BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, DELPHI, C, and C++
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of first generation computers?
|
(1951-1958)
Used vacuum tubes Large and slow Air-conditioned environment |
|
|
Characteristics of second generation computers?
|
(1959-1963)
Solid-state devices Smaller than 1st Gen. More reliable Less heat Less power requirement |
|
|
Characteristic of third generation computers?
|
(1963-1970)
Integrated circuits etched onto silicon chips Magnetic disks for storage Smaller Faster |
|
|
Characteristic of fourth generation computers?
|
(1971-1987)
Thousands on integrated circuits on one chip Microprocessor introduced in 1971 |
|
|
Characteristic of fifth generation computers?
|
(Present)
"Intelligent" AI |
|
|
What are the four types of computer classes?
|
supercomputers
mainframe computers minicomputers microcomputers |
|
|
What are supercomputers used for?
|
Large, high-capacity computers that can process data at high speeds. They are used in oil exploration studies, weather forecasts, research, and scientific modeling.
|
|
|
What are mainframe computers used for?
|
Large, high-capacity capable of rigorous computations at high speeds.
They are used in banks, universities and colleges, large businesses, and governments. |
|
|
What are minicomputers used for?
|
CT and MRI.
Also referred to as Midrange computers |
|
|
What are microcomputers used for?
|
Also called PC's, are small digital computers available in a variety of sizes such as laptops or palmtops.
Workstations are commonplace in radiology and are in several digital imaging modalities such at CT and MRI. |
|
|
How many bits can a microprocessor be?
|
8-bit (256 or 2^8)
16-bit (65,536 or 2 ^16) |
|
|
What are the two types of CPU architectures?
|
Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) |
|
|
CISC are more ____-_____?
|
Built-in
|
|
|
Digital computers operate on ______ data (discrete units).
|
digital
|
|
|
What does an ADC do?
|
converts the analog signal into a "sequence of numbers having finite precision".
|
|
|
What are the parts of an ADC?
|
Sample
Quantizer Coder |
|
|
What is sampling in the ADC?
|
the conversion of a continuous time signal into a discrete signal obtained by taking samples of the continuous-time signal at discrete time instants
|
|
|
What is quantization in the ADC?
|
The conversion of a discrete-time, discrete-valued (digital) signal.
|
|
|
What is coding in the ADC?
|
The assignment of a binary bit sequence to each discrete output from the quantizer.
|
|
|
What is a DAC?
|
It converts digital signals in analog signals needed operate devices like TV monitors.
|
|
|
What is the DAC made up of?
|
Solid-state electronics that generate an output voltage proportional to the input digital number.
|
|
|
What is speed?
|
how fast the computer processes data.
|
|
|
What is power?
|
Includes speed and other components such as storage capacity and memory size.
|
|
|
What factors affect speed?
|
microprocessor speed, bus line size, cache memory, flash memory, RISC architecture, and parallel processing of data.
|
|
|
A computer may have three types of buses. What are they?
|
data bus
address bus control bus |
|
|
What is RAM?
|
Random Access Memory
|
|
|
What is ROM?
|
Read-Only Memory
|
|
|
What is cache memory?
|
Very fast memory for the storage of information and data that are used most of the time.
|
|
|
What is flash memory?
|
Nonvolatile
|
|
|
What is a soft copy?
|
output "information that has been produced in a seemingly intangible form."
|
|
|
What are the six steps in programming?
|
1) Define the problem
2) Make or buy the decision 3) Design a program 4) Code the program 5) Debug the program 6) Document |
|
|
What are some examples of applications software?
|
Microsoft Works
First Choice Framework Symphony |
|
|
What are some examples of systems software?
|
Apple DOS
CP/M MS-DOS Mac DOS OS/2 UNIX |
|
|
When was the internet developed?
|
1959
|
