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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between Inductive and Deductive reasoning?
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Inductive Reasoning uses creative thinking to to combined isolated facts into a cohesive whole. (ex: Drew - "Chinese medicine came from inductive")
Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning one or more general statements regarding what is known to reach a logical certain conclusion. (ex: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; Therefore, Socrates is mortal) |
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What is the difference between the Control and Experimental group?
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The Control Group is given a placebo during a test.
The Experimental group is exposed to the independent variable being tested. |
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What is a double blind crossover study?
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An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment.
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Know the pH scale and be able to identify whether things are more acidic or base (alkaline)
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Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. Pure water has a pH very close to 7.
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Where do mitochondria live and what do they do?
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Most are found in Eukaryotic Cells and they generate ATP.
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What is the term for when you exercise too much and your body is panting for a breath?
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Oxygen deficit
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What is the term for programmed cell death?
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Apoptosis
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What is the term used when a cell stops dividing due to crowding?
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Contact inhibition
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What are radioactive atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neurons?
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Isotopes
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What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?
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Unsaturated fats have a double bond
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What is a peptide?
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Two or more amino acids covalently bonded
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What is the function of cholesterol?
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It is a protein found in mammals that serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.
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What is the functional group of an amino acid?
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NH2
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What is the lock and key mechanism of an enzyme?
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The enzyme has an Active Site that fits to a specific shape of a Substrate so that they are able to react.
Induced Fit Model is when the enzyme changes its shape slightly to fit with the substrate. |
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What is collagen and where is it?
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It is a naturally occurring proteins found in animals, especially in connective tissue. Collagen, in the form of elongated fibrils, is mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin, and is also abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral disc. The fibroblast is the most common cell which creates collagen.
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What is the metabolic pathway?
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A series of linked reactions beginning with a particular reactant and terminating with an end product.
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What are nucleotides?
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Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined, make up the individual structural units of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. They have three parts: a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
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A _____ base pair sequence in messenger RNA causes the addition of an amino acid into a protein that terminates translation is the ______.
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Three
Codon |
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The theory of evolution is based upon what?
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Survival of the fittest
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Most observable genetic traits are a result of how many genes? What is that expressed genetic trait called?
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Many genes
A Phenotype |
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What is a genotype?
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All of possibilities of a particular trait
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What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
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Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their products into the blood. The exocrine glands secrete into ducts.
Ex: The pancreas in an endocrine gland when it produces and secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloostream. The pancreas is an Exocrine gland when it produces and secretes pancreatic juice into the Small Intestine through a common bile duct. |
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What are the three embryonic germ layers and what bodily structures can be associated with each?
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Ectoderm (outer layer) - nervous system and skin
Mesoderm (middle layer) - muscles Endoderm (inner layer) - blood vessels |
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What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
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Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Tendon connects bone to muscle |
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What are the three types of vertebrate muscles, what are their characteristics, and where can they be found?
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Skeletal muscle - voluntary; striated; attached by tendons to bones of the skeleton
Cardiac Muscle - involuntary; striated; muscles found in the walls of the heart Smooth muscle - involuntary; non-striated; found on the walls of the viscera and blood vessels |
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What is a nerve cell called?
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A neuron.
It is the primary building block of the nervous system in humans and animals. |
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What does the Lymphatic System do?
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Its lymphatic vessels absorb fat from the digestive system and collect excess tissue fluid, which is returned to the blood. It is also part of the Immune System and it is involved in defense against diseases.
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What is homeostasis?
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Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by self-regulation.
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What is Gluconeogensis (sugar-new-growth) and where does it happen?
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It is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. It keeps blood glucose levels from dropping too low (hypoglycemia). In mammals, gluconeogenesis is restricted to the liver, the kidneys, and the intestine.
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What are fibroblasts?
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A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
These are the cells affected by drugs and medicine, which slows down their healing process. |
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What do platelets do?
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They are formed elements critical to initiating a normal clot
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What are the two different cardiovascular systems, or "circuits," in the human body?
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The systemic circuit (where heart pumps blood to the tissues) and the pulmonary circuit (where the heart pumps blood to the lungs).
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What is Systole and Diastole?
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Systole - the contraction of the heartbeat from the left ventricle where the pressure goes up
diastole - the relaxation of the heartbeat (i.e. the heartbeat at rest) |
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What is an Electrocardiogram (ECG) used for?
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It is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
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What is the Portal System of the liver?
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In human anatomy, the hepatic portal system is a closed loop system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries.It is responsible for directing blood (oxygenated and partially deoxygenated blood) from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver because the liver consumes over 20% of the body's oxygen while at rest.
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What is the Yin portion of the blood and what is the Yang portion?
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Yin - Plasma
Yang - Red blood cells |
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What is an antigen and what produces antibodies against antigens?
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An antigen is usually any protein or carbohydrate that stimulates immunity.
The immune system, and more specifically the B-Cell (white blood cell), creates antibodies. |
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What is the difference between the ureter and the urethra?
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The ureters are the ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urethra on the other hand is a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
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What is the function of the Kidneys?
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1. Excretion of nitrogenous wastes, such as urea and uric acid
2. Maintenance of water-salt balance of blood 3. Maintenance of acid-base balance of blood |
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What is the pH during digestion in the Small Intestine?
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Food comes into the top of the small intestine (the duodenum) from the stomach, very acidic. However, the pancreas, gall bladder, and cells of the endothelium of the intestinal lumen secrete alkaline substances which buffer the acid before it can enter the lower small intestine and harm the delicate villi which are there for the absorption of nutrients.
A pH of about 6 is considered somewhat optimal. |
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What are the tissues that increase the surface area of the small intestine for digestion?
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Villi
Each villus contains an extensive network of blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called a LACTEAL. |
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What does the large intestine do?
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It absorbs water, salts, and some minerals. It also has a large population of bacteria that breakdown indigestible material.
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How many essential amino acids are there?
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9
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What causes an allergic reaction (like Drew's hives)?
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Mast cells release HISTAMINE which dilates capillaries and allows fluids to escape into the tissues and cause swelling under the skin
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What is the reflex arc?
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A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls an action reflex. In higher animals, most sensory neurons DO NOT pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord.
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What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
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Sympathetic - Fight or flight
Parasympathetic - Rest and digest |
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FIB Extra Credit:
What raises blood sugar levels? |
Glucagon (secreted by the Pancreas)
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FIB Extra Credit:
What is the organ in the head (and the ear) that has fluid and tells the body what direction the head is moving? |
Tiny grains called Otoliths moving within two fluid-filled sacs in the inner ear in response to any change in position or orientation. Their motion is detected by sense hairs. Rotation is detected by the inertial lag of fluid in the semicircular canals acting on the sense hairs.
The Cerebellum is largely responsible for coordinating the unconscious aspects of proprioception. |
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Extra Credit:
What hormone is responsible for maintaining the first trimester of pregnancy? |
Progesterone
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End of Flashcards
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End of Flashcards
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