Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Will there be enough food grown in the world to feed the population in 2025? Why or why not? |
No because there are more people in the world, more people are consuming meant, and there is not an infinite supply of farmland. |
|
|
What weather conditions increase transpiration in crop plants? |
Warm, dry, and windy conditions |
|
|
Which of the following is the correct order form MOST acreage to LEAST acreage in michigan? a.sugar beets, fresh vegetables, cucumbers, sweet cherries, corn b. alfalfa, wheat, soybeans, potatoes, grapes, dry beans c. corn, alfalfa, wheat, sugar beet, blueberries d. soybeans, alfalfa, dry beans, apples, wheat |
C |
|
|
What is the principles food crops produced in the world and in the U.S.? |
corn, wheat and rice in the world; corn and soybeans in the US |
|
|
The value of crops changes each year. What is the major reason why? |
Crop prices vary each year (supply and demand) so value per acre changes each year. |
|
|
What is the single most important factor limiting photosynthesis in crop production? |
Water |
|
|
What is the midpoint for acreage for U.S. cropland and is it increasing or decreasing and why? |
Midpoint acreage is 1100 acres and is increasing because of higher return on investments increasing farm profit as acreage increases and because technology reduces the labor needed in farming. |
|
|
Which of the following statements is not correct? a. all of the sunlight that reaches crop leaves is converted to chemical energy (ATP) in the plant b. A cloudy day has 1000-fold less light than a sunny day c. plants partially close stomata to reduce water loss but still allow gas (carbon dioxide and oxygen) exchange in and out of the leaf d. some oxygen diffuses (moves) out of leaves through the open stomata and some oxygen is used in the leaves for metabolism and respiration |
A |
|
|
Crop plants are domesticated wild plants. Years of plant breeding and selection have changed (bred) the wild native grass teosinte to the corn that we plant today. What traits had to be eliminated from teosinte by plant breeders? |
Seed falling off the plant (shattering) when the seed was mature. |
|
|
Which of the following statements is correct? a. root nodules are formed when legume root hairs curl around rhizobacteria and the bacteria then penetrate the root, multiply, and form a nodule. b. all crops are able to convert nitrogen to ammonia within plant roots because of the mycorrhiza fungi that associate with crop plant roots c. legumes get 75-80% of their nitrogen from the nodules that form on their roots and contain rhizobacteria that convert nitrogen gas to ammonia d. inoculants are applied to legume seed before planting only when soil ph is high because inoculants are expensive and aren't needed in all fields. |
A. |
|
|
Which of the following statements is correct? a. an inoculant contains mycorrhizal fungi and must be applied to sugar beet and canola for adequate root growth. b. an inoculant is applied to seed to protect crop seed from insects and diseases in the soil c. an inoculant contains living rhizobacteria that attach to roots of legume plants and convert nitrogen gas to ammonia d. an inoculant is stored in a cool place because the nodules and nodes in the inoculant will die if exposed to sunlight and heat for a prolonged period |
C |
|
|
How many acres of fruit and vegetables do we grow in michigan? Remember: Michigan ranks 2nd in the US crop diversity |
100,000 acres of vegetables and 100,000 acres of fruit |
|
|
Which of the following conditions would limit (restrict, reduce) root growth the most? a. low fertility soils with warm weather in early june b. warm, moist soil conditions with no compaction in early june c. flooded (saturated) soils due to a compacted soil zone at a six inch depth in early june d. warm temperatures and moist soil, low in fertility |
C |
|
|
Million dollar farms contribute ____% of total US crop production. |
75 |
|
|
How would treating a crop seed with a temperature-dependent starch polymer benefit a farmer? |
The starch polymer stops the seed from imbibing water when soil temperatures are cool so the seed won't decay. Farmers can therefore plant fields early but the seed won't germinate in the cold soil. |
|
|
Where does the U.S. rank in terms of worldwide crop production? |
#1 in corn, #2 in soybeans, #2 in ehat in the world. |
|
|
Seeds can be used for: |
feed for livestock, food for humans, fuel to power vehicles and machinery |
|
|
Which of the following statements is the correct answer? a. plants transpire and respire only when the stomata are open b. photosynthesis occurs throughout the day and night; respiration occurs mostly during the day c. photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration occur throughout the day and night d. photosynthesis occurs only when the stomata are open |
d. |
|
|
what has more complex nutritional requirements for growth A. plants B. humans and animals c. plants, humans and animals have similar nutritional requirements d. microbes in the soil (bacteria, fungi) have the most complex nutritional requirements |
b. |
|
|
the fruit crops with the highest (greatest, most) value per acre in 2013 were: |
apples and blueberries |
|
|
___% of michigan farms produce ___% of the total crop value in the state |
15, 85 |
|
|
Aerobic transpiration produces ____ ATP for each glucose molecule oxidized |
40 |
|
|
What fraction of the glucose that a plant produces is, on average, burned in respiration to produce energy (ATP) to drive plant processes? |
1/3 (33%) |
|
|
Daylength is one factor that can cause plants to change from the vegetative to the flowering stage of growth. what other factor listed below can also trigger flowering in plants? a. number of nodules per plant b. mycorrhiza associated with plant roots c. number of nodes and internodes d. plant hormones |
plant hormones |
|
|
Which of the following statements about seed priming is correct? a. matripriming means that the seed was soaked with a chemical to control water uptake b. priming increases the germination percentage by controlling water uptake by seeds of some crop species c. seeds of many crop seeds are primed, including carrots, corn, wheat, dry beans, and sugarbeets d. priming protects the seed from insects and diseases that are present in the soil |
b |
|
|
What is the benefit of a fungicide and insecticide seed treatment? |
Protects the seed and the small roots from diseases and insects that attack the seed and seedling early in the growing season. |
|
|
What is the projected world population growth from 2000 to 2050? |
50% growth: 65% in developing countries and a 3% decrease in developed countries |
|
|
What is china's average farm size? US? |
1.6 acres, 445 acres. China's corn and wheat acreage is similar to the U.S. |
|
|
which of the following statements correctly describes photosynthesis? a. the plant uses light energy from the sun to convert oxygen to glucose and atp b. the plant uses light energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide to oxygen and glucose and water c. the plant uses light energy from the sun to convert oxygen to glucose and water d. the plant uses light energy from the sun to convert cargo dioxide and glucose to nitrogen, oxygen, and water |
B |
|
|
Where is food grown and where does the world's population live? |
2/3's of world food production is in the latitudes 30-45 north of the equator and 2/3's of the world population lives in the latitudes of 25 north and 25 south of the equator |
|
|
How do stem and roots differ? |
stems have stomata and nodes; roots do not |
|
|
Where does photosynthesis take place? |
In the chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells in the crop plant leaves |
|
|
Which of the following is correct? a. a modified, compressed below ground stem is a bulb and alfalfa is an example of this b. a modified, above ground stem that can produce new plants at each node is called a rhizome and alfalfa is an example of this c. a modified, compacted below ground stem is a crown and potato is an example of this d. a modified, aboveground stem that contains no internodes is a crown and alfalfa or wheat are and example of this |
d |
|
|
A loam soil contains 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay particles. Which mineral is the smallest and which is the largest? |
Clay is the smallest, sand is the largest. |
|
|
What type of potato is grown on the majority of acres in michigan? What is the average yield? |
Round white potatoes; average yield of 400 cwt (hundred weight) per acre |
|
|
What is ideal potato production in Michigan? |
Potatoes are planted in May and harvested in september; row spacing is 36" seed spacing in the row is 6-12 inches, and seeding depth is 4 inches |
|
|
What crop requires the most nitrogen inputs for an average yield in michigan? |
Potato |
|
|
Which crop requires the greatest investment in seed (seeding cost)/acre? |
Potato |
|
|
Which crop uses the most potassium (k)? |
corn for silage |
|
|
Which crop requires the most care in harvesting to avoid bruising of the harvest crop? |
Potato |
|
|
What is ideal cucumber production in Michigan? |
Cucumbers are planted in June and harvested 50-60 days after planting. Row spacing is 22-30" and seed spacing in the row is 8-10" due to cucumber vining. 50 lb/acre of nitrogen is required. |
|
|
What is the average yield of potatoes, sugar beets, cucumbers, and navy beans? |
Potatoes 20 tons, Sugarbeets 25 tons, cucumbers 6 tons, navy beans 1 ton |
|
|
What dry bean class is grown on the most acres in the U.S.? Most acres in Michigan? |
Pinto beans are grown on the most acres in the U.S.; in Michigan the top two classes are black beans and navy (white) beans in 2013 |
|
|
What is ideal dry bean production in michigan? |
Dry bean sare planted in June and harvested in September. Row spacing is usually 30" rows, seed spacing in the row is 2-3" and 40 pounds of nitrogen is applied. |
|
|
What is the seeding rate for corn, wheat, soybeans, black beans, kidney beans, sugar beets, and cucumbers? |
corn: 32000 wheat: 2 million soybeans in 30" rows: 150,000 black beans: 100,000 Kidney beans: 70,000 sugar beets: 50,000 Cucumbers: 35,000 |
|
|
How are navy and black beans, kidney beans, and beans harvested in Michigan? |
Some acres of navy and black beans are direct cut; kidney beans are pulled in the morning when their is moisture so seeds stay in pods (no shattering); beans are threshed (combined) in the afternoon when plants are drier. |
|
|
What does it cost to seed an acre of black beans or an acre of kidney beans? |
Kidney bean seeds cost more per pound and even though fewer seeds are planted per acre compared to black beans the seeding cost/acre of kidney beans is still $50/acre while black beans is around $25/acre. |
|
|
Michigan is the only state east of the Mississippi to grow sugar beets. How do the states rank within the U.S. in regards to acreage of sugar beets? |
Minnesota/North Dakota (Red River Valley) is #1, Michigan is #2, Nebraska/Wyoming is #3, Idaho is #4 |
|
|
What is ideal sugar beet production in MI? |
Sugar beets are planted in April and harvested in October. Row spacing is 22-30" and seed spacing in the row is 3-4". seeding depth is 1" and 70-100 pounds/acre of nitrogen is applied. |
|
|
What are the optimum temperatures for planting corn soybean wheat and sugar beets? |
Corn: 50 F Soybean: 60 F Wheat: 60 F sugar beets: 40 F |
|
|
Which crops are not roundup ready? |
potato and cucumber are not roundup ready |
|
|
If i planted corn, soybeans, sugar beets, cucumbers, and kidney beans on april 25 and we had a hard frost on may 15 after all the crops had emerged, which crops would survive the frost? |
corn and sugar beets |
|
|
What are the two classes (types) of wheat that we grow in Michigan? |
Soft red winter wheat and soft white winter wheat |
|
|
In what area of the world was wheat first grown? |
Tigres and euphrates river valley |
|
|
When do we plant wheat in Michigan? |
In the fall when soil temperatures are 60 F and after the hessians fly has finished laying eggs on grass plants |
|
|
What happens if wheat is planted too shallow (less than 1 inch seeding depth)? |
Wheat will emerge but there will be smaller plants and fewer tillers |
|
|
What happens if a farmer plants winter wheat in the spring in michigan? |
Wheat will emerge and grow but it will not flower and produce seed because it will not have been vernalized. |
|
|
Why do seed corn production fields look different in August than commercial corn production fields? |
The female rows have only ears and have been detasseled; the male rows may have been stomped (removed) because ears aren't harvested from the male rows |
|
|
What does it cost to seed an acre of corn, soybean, wheat, and alfalfa? |
corn: $125 Soybean in 30" rows: $50 Private wheat: $50 Alfalfa: $75 |
|
|
What is the correct moisture for storing corn grain soybean and wheat for one year? |
Corn: 15% Soybean 12% Wheat: 13% |
|
|
What is ideal alfalfa production in Michigan? |
Alfalfa can be seeded in early spring or in august. Row spacing is 7.5", seeding rate 15 pounds/acre and seeding depth 1/2 inch. No nitrogen fertilizer is applied; 200 lb/A of potassium. |
|
|
Alfalfa is seeded at 75 seeds per square foot. The number of seedlings one month later and the number of plants on year later are: |
40 seedlings one month later; 25 plants on year later |
|
|
Michigan does not produce alfalfa for seed. Where is alfalfa grown for seed production? |
oregon idaho washington |
|
|
What is ideal soybean production in Lansing, Mi? |
Soybeans are planted in early may and harvesting october. Row spacing can be 7.5, 15, or 30 inches. Seeding depth is usually 1 inch and soybean populations range from 130,000 to 200,000 seeds/acre. No nitrogen is applied because soybeans are a legume and fix nitrogen. |
|
|
What is the #1 reason that many farmers in Michigan plant soybeans in 30 inch rows (and not 7.5 or 15 inch rows)? |
A disease called white mold (sclerotinia stem rot) is more of a problem in narrow rows. |
|
|
A farmer plants a full season corn hybrid in mid-may and then there is a cool summer and there is an early frost in mid-september. What is the end result? |
Corn may not be physiologically mature at the time of frost Corn will dry down more slowly following the frost Farmer may be harvesting in unfavorable weather and corn grain will be higher in moisture |
|
|
What is ideal corn grain production in Lansing michigan? |
Corn is planted in early may and harvested in octover. Row spacing is 22-30" rows and seed spacing is every 6-7". seeding depth is 1.5 inch on average. |
|
|
What is the yield advantage in the northern corn belt to planting corn in 22" rows (compared to 30 inch rows)? |
5% |
|
|
The seeding rate of corn is dependent on |
irrigation corn hybrid yield potential |
|
|
When is silage corn harvested and what happens if silage corn is harvested too late and it is too dry? |
Corn silage is harvested earlier than physiological maturity, when whole plant moisture is 60-70%; if it is too dry it doesnt ferment well |
|
|
Which of the following statements is correct concerning soil organic matter? a. active organic matter consists of long term carbon that is resistant to decay b. active organic matter is most important for building soil aggregates and physical soil structure c. active organic matter is the ready source of plant nutrients needed for crop growth d. active organic matter comes from sand and clay that age further and become organic matter |
c |
|
|
What is glomalin, where does it come from, and what does it consist of? |
Is made up of glucose and protein, is part of soil organic matter and comes from AMF fungi |
|
|
Which of the following statements is correct concerning soil pore space? a. large pores (macro) hold water; small pores (micropores) are important for water movement b. loamy sands hold more water because they contain more micropores compared to silt loam or clay loam soils c. large pores are important for air and water movement through the soil; small pores are important for holding water in the soil d. clay soils hold more water than sandy loam soils because clay soils have more micropores for greater water holding capacity |
c. |
|
|
which soil textural classes store the most available water for crop plants? |
silt loams and silty clay loams |
|
|
in the soil food web, which of the following statements is correct concerning the organisms in the agricultural systems? a. earthworms are an important pathogen, consuming and attacking plant roots b. bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes release nitrogen when they consume the bacteria and the fungi; the nitrogen is then available for crop growth c. Rhizobacteria live in the soil and attack plant roots, increasing crop root rots d. in a teaspoon of agriculture soil there are about 200 nematodes, 20 yards of fungal hyphae and bacteria usually number in the 1000s (thousands) |
B |
|
|
Why are zinc, iron, and manganese important micronutrients in crop production? |
they are involved as activators in many plant enzyme systems |
|
|
Which of the following statements is correct concerning macronutrients in crop production? a. there are six macronutrients: Magnesium, manganese, calcium sulfur, potassium and phosphorus b. macronutrients are important activators of many plant enzyme systems c. macronutrients can be supplied to crop plants by decomposition of old crop residues, mineralization of soil organic matter, and spreading of animal manure d. macronutrients include nitrogen and potassium; nitrogen is the central atom of the chlorophyll molecule and potassium is important to store and transfer energy as ATP |
C |
|
|
Nitrogen cycles in agricultural systems. which of the following statements is correct concerning the nitrogen cycle? a. mineralization is when ammonia is converted by bacteria in the soil to nitrite and nitrate b. immobilization is when nitrogen that is available to plants and microbes is converted to organic nitrogen, i.e. the nitrogen becomes part of the plant or microbe c. denitrification is when ammonia is converted by bacteria in the soil to nitrite and nitrate d. nitrification is when nitrogen from soil organic matter is lost to the atmosphere as nitrous oxide gas |
B |
|
|
When fields are flooded it is difficult for crops to survive. the situation where the crop would survive for the longest period is: |
Soybeans: 4 days of cloudy, cool weather and temperatures in the mid-70's |
|
|
The timing, intensity, and duration of a drought influence the effect of drought on crop yield. which of the following situations would reduce crop yield? a. three weeks of severe drought during the time of corn pollination b. three weeks of severe drought during the time of corn grain fill in later august c. two weeks of severe drought during the time of wheat and barley flowering d. drought would reduce yield in all three situations mentioned above so all are correct. |
D. |
|
|
drought tolerant corn hybrids are sold by three seed companies in the U.S. Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning drought tolerant hybrids? a. drought tolerant hybrids use available moisture more efficiently b. yield of drought tolerant hybrids is not reduced by drought conditions c. some drought tolerant hybrids are GMO; other drought tolerant hybrids were created through conventional plant breeding D. drought tolerant hybrids may have less water loss or improved photosynthesis or improved silking during drought conditions |
B |
|
|
How many inches of rainfall do we average in Lansing from april to september and how many inches of water do we need to produce a 150 bushel/acre corn crop? |
We average 20 inches and we need about 24 inches to produce the corn crop |
|
|
Which state has the most irrigated acres of corn and soybeans? |
Nebraska |
|
|
It is june in michigan and for five days we have had a high of 80 and a low of 60 at night How many growing degree days did we accumulate after the 5 days for corn? |
100 |
|
|
What plants are cool season plants and what is the minimum temperature regime for growth? |
Potatoes and barley; minimum temp regime is 32-46 F. |
|
|
What is the #1 reason that weeds cost farmers money in the US? |
reduce crop yields |
|
|
Weeds can be beneficial to cropping systems for all of the following reason except: a. protect soils from blowing in the wind (soil erosion from wind) b. when weeds die the dead weeds decompose and become soil organic matter c. weeds provide ground cover for insects and mice so hawks and birds don't eat them d. weeds serve as an alternate host for sugar beet root aphid and soybean cyst nematode |
D. |
|
|
Which weed control strategy is the least expensive to implement? |
prevention |
|
|
Weed laws are one strategy to prevent weeds. which of the following statements is incorrect? a. a limited amount of primary (prohibited) noxious weeds are allowed in crop seed for sale b. the federal seed act regulates seed shipped between us states c. noxious weeds are either hard to control or hard to separate from the crop seed d. there are 22 restricted noxious weeds in the michigan law |
A. |
|
|
Which of the following is not an issue with implementing biological control? a. the development costs are usually in the millions of dollars b. there are numerous laws and regulations for releasing a biological control organism c. the environment must allow the biological control organism to survive d. the biological control organism does not need to be selective; it can control many weeds or insects |
D |
|
|
Which of the following is not an example of cultural weed control? a. planting 7.5 inch instead of 30 inch crop rows b. planting early so the root system is established and the crop is larger than the weeds and can capture light c. rotary hoeing and cultivating to control weeds d. planting wheat in one year of the crop rotation so summer annual weeds have difficulty emerging and competing in a wheat crop in late april and may |
C |
|
|
Which of the following is not an example of allopathy? a. wheeler rye releases chemicals that inhibit germination of small weed seeds b. mustard plants release chemicals that are harmful to other plants c. eurasian milfiol and purple lossestrife invade waterways and wetlands d. sorghum releases form roots sorgolene which is harmful to other platns |
C |
|
|
Insects reduce crop yields worldwide by what percent? and by what percent in the us? |
20% world; 3% U.S. |
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a method of cultural control of insects? A. releasing parasitic wasps to control insect pests like soybean aphic and corn borer b. planting resistant varieties including Bt-corn root worm and Bt-corn borer b. planting resistant varieties including Bt-corn root worm and Bt-corn borer c. rotating corn and soybeans to reduce problems with corn rootworm d. cutting of alfalfa to reduce potato leafhopper damage i the first or second cutting
|
a. |
|
|
Corn root worm beetle: a. overwinters as larvae and feeds on corn leaves and silks before laying eggs on corn roots b. is controlled by plant bt-corn root worm resistant varieties; there are no known cases of root worm resistant to the bt-corn c. is controlled by crop rotation except where variants of root worm beetle lay eggs in the soil in soybean fields or the gas don't hatch for two years d. flies into corn fields in the spring and prefers to lay eggs on leaves of emerged corn or in soil of heavily manured fields |
C |
|
|
overwinters as larvae in old corn stalks. larvae feed n corn leaves before boring into stalk |
european corn borer |
|
|
can be controlled by plant some bt-corn borer or bt-rootworm corn hybrids |
western bean cutworm |
|
|
overwinters as eggs on buckthorn; natural predators include ladybugs and parasitic wasps |
Soybean aphid |
|
|
females can lay up to 500 eggs; both larvae and adults consume potato leaves |
colorado potato beetle |
|
|
Which of the following is not an insect? a. soybean aphic b. bed bug c. spider d. weevil |
C |
|
|
How do viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens enter crop plants? |
Viral enter in the saliva of sucking or chewing insects; bacteria and fungi by openings in the leaf (stomata) or wounds |
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a correct example of how a farmer may modify (change) the environment to reduce the potential for a disease? a. change irrigation scheduling to water only once a week and not frequently during soybean flowering to reduce the potential for white mold b. tillage to bury corn residues when planting corn-corn-corn in rotation to reduce early infection from grey leaf spot c. plant sugar beets without tillage to reduce the potential for cercospora leaf spot d. put in tile drainage in loam fields and plant soybeans later in may when soil temperatures are warmer to reduce the risk of sudden death syndrome |
C |
|
|
can be managed by planting later to avoid cool, wet soils and planting resistant varieties |
sudden death syndrome |
|
|
was very bad in 2014 in michigan due to prolonged wet periods during bean flowering |
white mold |
|
|
Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning fusarium head blight: a. the pathogen survives on old crop residue b. the spores blow around in the wind and infect the heads of wheat at floweirng c. the pathogen can produce a harmful toxin called vomitoxin so fungicide is often applied prior to wheat heading to protect wheat from this disease d. the pathogen does not require rain, dew, or mist before or during heading/flowering of wheat |
D. |
|
|
cercospora leaf spot was a problem in two of jim's fields in 2014 but not in 2013. Why? a. 2014 had warmer, wetter weather in july and august; warm night and 11 hour leaf wetness b. jim used disease forecasting models and sprayed timely fungicides in 2013 but not in 2014 c. jim planted a new sugar beet variety in the two problem field in 2014; he didn't realize the new variety was more susceptible to Cercospora leaf spot d. all of the above. |
D. |
|
|
Grey leaf spot require all of the following except: a. 12 hours of continuously wet conditions for pathogen spores to germinate and infect corn b. planting a corn hybrid that is susceptible to the pathogen c. the field to have been in corn last year to have infection in August at the early dough stage d. fungicide applied at planting to protect seedlings from windblown spores |
D. |
|
|
Burying crop residue reduces the potential to develop: |
Fusarium head blight and cercospora leaf spot |
|
|
which of the following is not a reason crop rotations declined after World War II? a. discovery of herbicides, insecticdes, and fungicides b. farmers could not make money on corn because of a corn surplus so they planted other crops c. discovery of nitrogen fertilizers from commercial sources (urea, ammonium nitrate) d. draft animals were replaced by tractors so there was no need to grow animal feed |
B |
|
|
Planting crops in rotation increase corp yields by 5-15% compared to continuous cropping of the same crop |
Crop rotation effect |
