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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Processes of the body occurring at the cellular level
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protection
ingestion digestion absorption of metabolites elimination of wastes movement reproduction death |
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How do cells specialize for different functions?
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They go through differentiation
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what is the pathway of cell differentiation?
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Zygote --> blastomeres of inner cell mass (ES cells) --> All cells of the body
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Define cytoplasm
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Everything inside the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus
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What are the types of organelles?
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Membranous and Non-membranous
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What are inclusions, and give examples?
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Inclusions are structures that formed from metabolic processes of cells. Lipofuscin, Hemosiderin, Glocogen granules, Lipid inclusions, crystalline inclusions.
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Describe the cystoplasmic matrix
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it is the largest single compartment of most cells, contains enzymes, and is the site of protein synthesis, contains network of strands and crosslinkers that form the cytoskeleton
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What are integral membrane proteins?
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They are proteins that are embedded in the membrane.
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What are 6 classes of integral membrane proteins?
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Pumps
Channels Receptors Linkers proteins Enzymes Structural proteins |
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what is a specific example of a targeting mechanism for endocytosis?
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vSNARE and tSNARE. vSNARE proteins on the vesicle interact with tSNARE proteins on the target membrane, ensuring that endocytic vesicles go to the correct compartment.
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What are 3 mechanisms of endocytosis?
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1. Pinocytosis (clath ind)
2. Phagocytosis (clath ind) 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis (clath dep) |
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What is phagocytosis?
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Consumption of cells/debris called phagosomes. Generally Fc mediated. Can be triggered by TLR (toll-like receptors) which are triggered by PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). It is Clath indepdent but actin-dependent.
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what is Adaptin?
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Protein that helps select and target clathrin to receptors
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What does dynamin do?
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It mediates the release of clathrin-coated vesicles to the inside of the cell.
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What are the 2 pathways of exocystosis?
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Constitutive pathway, Regulated secretory pathway
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What is the regulated secretory pathway?
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1) Cells concentrate proteins and store them transiently in secretory vesicles.
2) Regulatory event induces Ca2+ influx that stimulates release of vesicles to fuse with the membrane |
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What are early endosomes?
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Membrane-bound vesicles found near the plasma membrane. They sort and recycle proteins internalized by endocytic pathways.
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What are late endosomes?
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These are endosomes that have moved deeper into the cytoplasm and develop into lysosomes.
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How do endosomes become lysosomes?
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They receive a enzymes that break down materials in the endosome. The enzyme is Mannose 6 phosphate. M6P receptors on the endosome pick it the enzyme.
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What are four possible fates of the receptor-ligand complexes sorted in the early endosome?
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1. receptor recycled ligand degraded
2. receptor and ligand both recycled 3. receptor and ligand both degraded 4. transcytosis |
