Csf Exam I Lecture 1

Front 1

DNA gets packaged into _____ then chromosomes

Back 1

chromatin

Front 2

which chromatin is actively transcribed DNA and appears light in light micrographs and EM?

Back 2

euchromatin

Front 3

>46 chromosomes is called

Back 3

aneuploidy

Front 4

go through chromatin packaging

Back 4

Front 5

_____ is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and consists of the tips of chromosomes

Back 5

nucleolus

Front 6

T or F. The nucleolus can contain one or more nuclei

Back 6

True

Front 7

______ are intermediate filament proteins that tether chromosomes to the nuclear membrane

Back 7

lamins (nuclear matrix)

Front 8

Progeria syndrome (accelerated aging)
Limb girdle MD type 1B
are all caused by mutations in the

Back 8

LMNA gene

Front 9

what are the functions of the mitochondria

Back 9

regulation of cyto Ca2+
ATP synthesis
TCA cycle
fatty acid cycle
urea cycle
apoptosis

Front 10

def. multiple ribosomes attached to a single RNA

Back 10

polysomes

Front 11

what are the functions of teh RER

Back 11

synthesis of proteins for export, antibodies, growth factors, digestive enzymes

modification of proteins especially N linked glycosylation

Front 12

name the functions of the SER

Back 12

phospholipid synthesis
cholesterol synthesis
detox
steroid hormone synthesis
regulation of calcium conc

Front 13

name the functions of the GA

Back 13

packaging and concentrating secretory proteins
trimming and adding oligosacs
proteolytic cleavage of proproteins
processing and sorting of lysosomal enzymes
lipoprotein packaging
sulfating proteins
phosphorylating proteins

Front 14

what are four means of vesicular traffic

Back 14

exocytosis
endocytosis
transcytosis
lysosomal processing

Front 15

def. secretory vesicles contain proteins ready for export to the extracellular environment. Secretio may be either constitutive or regulated

Back 15

Trans golgi network TGN

Front 16

what does clathrin coat

Back 16

regulated exocytotic vesicles
receptor mediated endocytotic and lysosomes

Front 17

_____ and _____ mediate docking and fusion of vesicles

Back 17

SNARES and SNAPS
these facilitate fusion and regulate correct targeting of vesicles that leave the TGN

Front 18

do snares or snaps have an anchor in the membrane bilayer

Back 18

SNARES

Front 19

______ is a process whereby molecules on the outside of the cell are taken into the cell by invagination and pinching off of parts of the plasma membrane

Back 19

endocytosis

Front 20

name some types of endocytosis

Back 20

RME
potocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
transcytosis

Front 21

left off on slide

Back 21

18

Front 22

t or f. RME is highly specific

Back 22

TRUE

Front 23

definition. vesicles with proton pumps in their membranes

Back 23

endosomes

Front 24

explain how endosomes work

Back 24

fuse with vesicles contianing receptor ligand complexes... drop pH causing release of ligands from receptor

Front 25

what mediates docking and fusion of vesicles

Back 25

SNARES
SNAPS

Front 26

definition. transmembrane proteins that mediate fusion of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane or with a target compartment such as a lysosom

Back 26

SNARE

Front 27

what interacts with SNARES to facilitate fusion?

Back 27

SNAPS

Front 28

give several examples of vesicular traffic

Back 28

exocytosis
endocytosis
transcytosis
lysosomal processing

Front 29

what does consitutive mean?

Back 29

unregulated membrane fusion (for example in TGN)

Front 30

t or f. secretory vesicles contain proteins ready for exprot to the extracellular environ. Secretion may be either consitutive or regulated

Back 30

TRUE

Front 31

what is coated with clathrin?

Back 31

exocytotic vesicles
endocytotic vesicles
lysosomes

Front 32

______ and _____ mediate docking and fusion of vesicles

Back 32

SNARES
SNAPS

Front 33

what are four routes the ligands and receptor may take

Back 33

receptor recycles, ligand degraded
rec. recycles, ligand recycles
rec. degraded, lig degraded
receptore transported, ligand transported

Front 34

describe RME of LDL

Back 34

Front 35

Potocytosis is like RME except

Back 35

caveolin instead of clathrin
don't fuse with endosomes or any organelle

Front 36

_______ is a type of receptor-mediated endocytosis in which small molecules are transported across the plasma membrane of a cell

Back 36

potocytosis

Front 37

_____ uses GPI anchored membrane proteins and vesicles that stay close to the plasma membrane

Back 37

potocytosis

Front 38

def. complement and immunoglobulins coat an invading microorganism allowing it to be recognized by receptors in a process called opsonization

Back 38

phagocytosis

Front 39

Phagosomes fuse with ______ to digest a microorganism

Back 39

lysosome

Front 40

_______ is the non specific uptake of fluid in vesicles

Back 40

pinocytosis

Front 41

in ________ a loaded endocytotic vesicle is transported through th ecell where exocytosis releases its contents on the opposite side

Back 41

transcytosis

Front 42

how do babies get abs from mom?

Back 42

transcytosis

Front 43

Proteins to be exported interact directly with acidic phopholipids of the plasma membrane, disrupting the membrane, and allowing them to escape the cell This is called...

Back 43

non classical secretion

Front 44

def. covalent addition of an oligosac to a protein

Back 44

glycosylation

Front 45

def. precipitate divalent cations in mitochondrial matrix

Back 45

matrix granules

Front 46

def. intermediate filament proteins that link chromosomes to the nuclear envelope

Back 46

nuclear lamins

Front 47

def. nuclear region contianing rDNA

Back 47

nucleolus

Front 48

def a chain of ribosomes translating mrna

Back 48

polysome

Front 49

def. vesicles that move between organelles within the cell to transfer proteins in the vesicular transport pathway

Back 49

transfer vesicle

Front 50

what is the functional unit of a chromosome

Back 50

gene

Front 51

what is the function of the nucleoskeleton

Back 51

scaffolding for functions including transcription, repression of transcription, and DNA replication

Front 52

a key component of the nucleoskeleton called ______ is a dense meshwork of intermediate filament proteins that line the nuclear envelope

Back 52

lamins

Front 53

what happens to the nuclear envelope during mitosis

Back 53

lamins are phosphorylated and nuclear envelope is destabilized and recued to small vesicles. dephosphorylation at the end of mitosis leads to reformation of the envelope and nuclear lamins around the chromosomes

Front 54

______ ______ is made up of proteins some of which contain molecular motors for directed transport of other molecules within the nucleas

Back 54

actin nucleoskeleton

Front 55

There are eight different laminopathies resutling from mutations withint the ____ gene

Back 55

laminA or LMNA

Front 56

disease affecting striated muscle and peripheral nerves, skeletal and fat development and homeostasis, premature aging.... all these diseases are examples of

Back 56

laminopathies

Front 57

what is the function of the nucleolus

Back 57

ribosomal DNA is transcribed into rRNA

Front 58

what is the function of nuclear pores

Back 58

allow movement of molecules between the nucleoplasm ad the cytoplasm

Front 59

what guards the nuclear pore

Back 59

nuclear pore complex

Front 60

how big is the nuclear pore hole?

Back 60

10nm

Front 61

name the functions of the mitochondria

Back 61

ATP synthesis
cytoplasmic Ca2+ conc
TCA
fatty acid cycle
urea cycle
cell death

Front 62

where would you find the mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial tRNAs, and ribosomes?

Back 62

all in the mitochondria itself@

Front 63

what happens inside the mitochondria if Ca2+ level is to high?

Back 63

ATP synthesis stops
calcium granules precipitate and form

Front 64

what is the "typical" size of the mitochondria

Back 64

.5-1 microns in diameter and 3-10 in length

Front 65

where might you find high levels of mitochondria?

Back 65

kedney for pumping
neurons for transport along microtubules and pumping ions across membranes

Front 66

describe the sizes of the ribosomal subunits

Back 66

18S rRNA and 30 proteins in the small subunit

28S and 5.8S rRNA and 5S rRNA and 50 proteins

Front 67

what transcribes the ribosomes as a single transcript in the nucleolus

Back 67

RNA pol I

Front 68

the ___ rRNA is NOT transcribed in the nucleolus and is transcribed by a different RNA pol III

Back 68

5S

Front 69

how do the ribosome subunits know to come together

Back 69

primed for protein synthesis by binding of initiator tRNA to the small subunit

Front 70

______ _______ are extremely prominent in some of teh nuerons you will see in the HA

Back 70

nissl bodies

Front 71

all SER proteins are found in the ____ but not all ___ proteins are found in th eSER

Back 71

RER RER

Front 72

why are the RER and SER continuous?

Back 72

integral proteins of the SER are made on the ribosomes of the RER

Front 73

name the functions of the RER

Back 73

synthesis of membrane proteins
secreted proteins
proteins destined for th elumens of various organelles such as peroxisomes, lysosomes and GA

Front 74

name the functions of the SER

Back 74

phospholipid synthesis, cholesterol snthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, detox, and regulation of Ca2+

Front 75

why might the liver have high amounts of SER

Back 75

detox

Front 76

how does the GA help proteins find their address

Back 76

pattern of added sugars through N linked glycosylation

Front 77

how many cisternae are in a GA stack

Back 77

4 to 8

Front 78

what is inlcuded in the TGN

Back 78

tran face of GA
associated vesicles

Front 79

what is thicker the trans or cis face of the golgi

Back 79

trans

Front 80

what vesicles are always found in association with the golgi complex especially in th eperimeter dilations of the cis face

Back 80

transfer vesicles which carry protein from the RER to the golgi stacks

Front 81

once contents of the large vesicles in the trans face of the TGN, these structures are sometimes called ____ _____

Back 81

zymogen granules

Front 82

what are nissl bodies

Back 82

RER of neurons