Cset Subtest 1: History And Social Science (World History 1St Part)

Front 1

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Sumerians

Back 1

1. The Sumerians were the creators of Mesopotamia civilization (3500 - 3000 BC)
a. material progress included large scale irrigation projects, an advanced system of math, and the invention of the wheel
b. the ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury
c. Sargon established t he first empire (c. 2371 BC)

Front 2

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Babylonians

Back 2

1. The Babylonians conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300 - 1750 BC)
a. The code of Hammurabi was the universal written code that regulated society (1750s BC)
b. Babylonian acheivements included centralized govt. and advancements in algebra and geometry

Front 3

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Hittites

Back 3

1. The Hittites (2000 - 1200 BC) conquered much of Asia minor and northern Mesopotamia; a major contrubution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.

Front 4

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Assyrians

Back 4

1. The Assyrians created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911 - 538 BC)
a. Military techniques included seige warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons.
b. Assyria created a centralized govt, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways.

Front 5

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
The Chaldeans

Back 5

1. The Chaldeans established the "New Babylonian" empire uner Nebuchadnezzar (605 - 538 BC)
a. They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine
b. They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced govt bureacracym and architectual acheivements such as the Hanging Gardens

Front 6

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Persians

Back 6

1. Persians attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s BC)
a. established an international govt
b. Zoroastrianism was an ehtical religion based on concepts of good and evil
c. Persia failed to conquer the Greeks. eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 bc)

Front 7

World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East
Phoenicians

Back 7

1. Phoenicians became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; civilization reached its peak in 1000 BC
a. invented the first true alphabet
b. dominated Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)

Front 8

World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East
Lydians

Back 8

1. Lydians occupied western Asia Minor (500s BC)
a. culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (golden king)
b. responsible for first coinage of money

Front 9

World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East
Israelites

Back 9

1. Israelites established first lasting monotheism
a. Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030 - 1010 BC)
b. after death of Solomon (922 BC), the hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah)
c. Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 BC) and Judah (586 BC)
d. the revolt of the israelites against rome resulted in destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132 - 135)

Front 10

World History
Egypt established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 BC)

Back 10

1. defensible borders generally spared egypt from the repeated political disruptions characteristic of mesopotamia.
2. egyptian history can be broadly outlined in specific time periods that reflect the changes taking place in egypt over a 3000 year period
3. significant aspects of egyptian civilization
a. life was dominated by concerns of the afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh
b. medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions
c. invented a heiroglyphic writing system
d. commerce flourished throughout arabia, india, and part of africa
e. agriculture was the basis of the economy
f. monumental architecture reflected remarkable building and engineering feats, as well as mathematical precision
g. annual flooding of the nile was the basis for sustained economy, nile had an impact on all egyptian society.

Front 11

World History
The Greek World

Back 11

1. Greece is a land of mountains separated by deep valleys
2. Aegean background includes Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations
3. Greek civilization was dominated by Athens and Sparta
4. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) devastated both Sparta and Athens (and their Greek city-state allies)
5. Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) of Macedonia established the Hellenic Age (fusion of Greek culture with the east)
6. Contributions of the Greek World

Front 12

World History
Greek History
Greece is a land of mountains separated by deep valleys

Back 12

1. scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern greece.
2. southern mainland, with adequate ag resources, relied on farming

Front 13

World History
Greek History
The Aegean background includes the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

Back 13

1. minoan civilazation of greece (c 4000 - 1400 bc) based its prosperity on extensive commerce
2. mycenaean civilization (c 2000 - 1150 bc) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare.
a. dorians conquered the peloponnesus (peninsula of southern greece) and ushered a dark age characterized by violence and instability (c. 1150 - 800 bc)
b. ionia became the birthplace for the hellenic civilization

Front 14

World History
Greek History
Greek Civilization was dominated by Athens and Sparta

Back 14

1. Direct democracy was established in Athens (c. 507 BC)
2. The Age of Pericles (460 - 429 BC) represented the zenith of athenian society and height of its democracy
3. athens would become a world commericial center and cosmopolitan city
4. sparta developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its ag system
5. after defeating persians, conflict between athens and sparta dominated greek politics

Front 15

World History
Greek History
The Peleponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) devastated both Athens and SParta (and their greek city state allies)

Back 15

1. sparta was victorious but unable to unite the greek city states
2. greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of greek city state alliances

Front 16

World History
Greek History
Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) of Macedonia established the Hellenic Age (the fusion of the greek culture with the east)

Back 16

1. alexander conquered persia, asia minor, egypt and established a world empire
2. bureacracy replaced the polis (city state) as the form of govt

Front 17

World History
Greek History
Contributions of the Greek World

Back 17

1. founded most of the major philosophical schools, established systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce
2. established democracy and system of law to improve society
3. in architecture, sculpture, art, literature, and the performing arts, the greeks were dominant

Front 18

How were ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia different?

Back 18

in egypt nile flood was predictable
in mesopotamia floods were often unpredictable and destructive
egypts natural barriers (desert and sea) as well as its isolation from other civilizations greatly hindered foreign invaders
mesopotamia's flat plains invited invasion
egypt remained a distinct politcal entity
mesopotamia had a succession of power (sumeria, babylonia, assyrians, persia, etc)

Front 19

common characteristic of mesopotamia and egypt

Back 19

bureacratic govt. pharoah of egypt and kings of mesopotamia ruled through privileged class of nobles and priests.

Front 20

which aegean civilizations developed a flourishing culture as a direct result of trade and commerce?

Back 20

mycenaens, also true of crete and troy

Front 21

sumerians trade and commerce

Back 21

tigris and euphrates as well as areas surrounding the persian gulf

Front 22

assyrian empire trade and commerce

Back 22

empire origniated in highland region of the upper tigris river but grew to encompass the are of the fertile crescent

Front 23

Phoenicians

Back 23

greatest seafaring culture of the ancient civilzed world developed extensive trade networks throughout the mediterannean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as tyre and sidon

Front 24

Assyrians

Back 24

warrior nation who terrorized people

Front 25

Hindu caste system

Back 25

idea originated in india in 1500 bc as part of the teachings of hinduism. caste system divided people into four distinct and inflexible groups. priests and teachers, rulers and warriors, merchants and artisans, and the lowest caste peasants and servants. persons who did not belong to any group were the untouchables. members of one caste could not marry or even eat with memebers of another caste. caste system was outlawed in india in 1950.

Front 26

World History
THe ROman World

Back 26

1. The Roman Republic (509-27 BC) started after Etruscan control was overthrown
2. The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries.
3. Roman contributions to the western world

Front 27

World History
The Roman World
The Roman Republic (509-27 BC) started after Etruscan control was overthrown

Back 27

1. Roman society was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body of roman citizens), and slaves
2. Roman govt was bases on consuls, the senate, and the centurial assembly
3. roman army became the most powerful military organization in the world
4. after the punic wars with carthage (146 bc) rome emerged as the dominant power in the mediterranean.
a.rome incorporated greek culture into its empire
b. rome expansion resulted in a world republic
5. economic and political decline and repeated civil wars ravaged the roman republic
a. caesar was assassinated in 44 bc
b. augustus became the first emperor of the roman empire 27 bc

Front 28

World History
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries

Back 28

1. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) was two centureies without a major was (27 bc - ad 180)
2. by the end of the second century, ad rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire
3. constantine attempted to stem the tide
a. the empire split into the western and eastern roman empires
b. barbarian invasions by the goths, vandals, and huns devastated rome and it fell in ad 476
c. the eastern roman empire at constantinople remained intact; byzantium survived until 1453
4. causes for the fall of rome
a. immediate cause was a continuous barbaric invasion
b. internatal factors included politcal instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries.
c. the rise of christianity divided the empire.

Front 29

World History
The Roman Empire
roman contributions to the western world

Back 29

1. greatest was in the field of law
2. revolutionized building construction, engineering, and road construction (200,000 miles of roads)
3. monumental architecture (colosseum, aqueducts)
4. continued greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities.

Front 30

World History
The Rise of Christianity

Back 30

1. Basic Doctrines
2. Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the rome period)

Front 31

World History
The Rise of Christianity
Basic Doctrines

Back 31

1. Christianity began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden)
2. Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacrements as the instruments of god's grace, and the importance of moral life for salvation.
3. Paul the Apostle was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman Empire
4. St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) became the first great christian philosopher; wrote confessions and city of god

Front 32

World History
The Rise of Christianity
Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Rome Period)

Back 32

1. individual conviction in one's belief (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period.
2. efficiency and organization of the early church administration
3. doctrines that stressed equality and immortality
4. conversion of constantine to christianity (AD 313)
5. establishment of christianity as the official Roman religion (AD 380)
6. establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating

Front 33

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization

Back 33

1. Constantine established a "New Rome" at Constantinople AD 330
2. Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (empire lasted for 1000 years)
3. reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire
4. Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire

Front 34

World History
THe Early Byzantine Civilization
Constantinople established a "New Rome" at Constantinople in AD 330

Back 34

1. Constantinople was strategically located, had excellent defensable borders, and was a crossroads of world trade
2. With the fall of Rome (476 BC) the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

Front 35

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (it lasted 1000 years)

Back 35

1. economic prosperity was based on domination of commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome.
3. Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528 - 565) strengthened bureacracy
4. Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

Front 36

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

Back 36

1. geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all whom were becoming more powerful
2. loss of commericial dominance over the Italians
3. religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church
4. sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusades
5. the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end of the Byzanting Empire

Front 37

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire

Back 37

1. preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the west was culturally stagnant
2. spread civilization to all of eastern Europe
3. preserved the Eastern orthodox church
4. economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy

Front 38

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 38

1. based on the teachings of Mohammed (AS 570 -632)
a. spread of Islam started in 7th Century AD
b. Koran became center of Islamic moral and ethical conduct
c. Mohammad established a theocracy based on Islamic law
2. Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs
a. Arabs conquered much of Byzantine Empire and Persian empires, including North Africa, Spain
1. Battle of Tours (AD 732) resulted in Franks halting Moslem expansion in Europe
2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711 to 1031
3. The Muslim EMpire divided
a Abbassides overthrew Umayyads - capitol moved to Bagdad
b. Iberian and North African muslims broke with the Bagdads control
4. Turkes assumed leadership of the Muslim world
a. Seljuks fought the crusaders and regained lost land
b. Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim empire
c. Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries
d. Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire

Front 39

World History
The Rise of Islam
Islamic Civilization

Back 39

1. Govt and religion developed the framework for prosperity
a. Arabs preserved cultures of the people they conquered
b. religious pilgrimages led to the spread of new ideas
c. caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields
d. trade and commerce led to a high standard of living in cities
e. military expansion also served as a vehicle for cultural exchange between Arab and western worlds
2. Trade spread Islamic culture
a. many factors helped trade including no taxation and strong banking practices
b. muslim trade spread culture to foreign lands
c. Ibn Batua spread Islamic culture by traveling widely
3. Science and the arts flourished under Muslim rule
a. advanced words in medicine, astronomy, and math
b. architecture and literature flourished
c. poetry and philosopohy were common themese in Islamic books

Front 40

World History
The Early Middle Ages

Back 40

1. The destruction of Rome resulted in a period of decline (500-8000 the Dark Ages)
2. The Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe.
3.The Carolingians replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers
4. The Viking (Norse) invasions pillaged the coasts of Europe in the eighth century
5. Society in the Middle Ages was based on the fuedal system

Front 41

World Histoy
Early Middle Ages
THe Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe

Back 41

1. Clovis (481 -511) was converted to Christianity
2. Domestic fueds and vivil war broke out among the Merovingians (561)
a. political power shifted away from the monarch
b. charles martel halted the Moslem advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours (732), which had a lastin impact on the development of western civilization

Front 42

World History
Early Middle Ages
The Carolingians replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers

Back 42

1. Pepin the Short (747-768) appointed by the Pope as king, established papal states on former Byzantine land
2. Charlemagne (768-814) dominated the political structure of the early middle ages
a. crowned "emperor of the romans" by pope leo in 800 and had a major impact on the history of europe
b. revived concept of holy roman empire and established authority over secular rulers.
c. empire incluided most of the former Roman Empire and additional Germanic lands between the Rhine and Elbe Rivers
d. The Carolingian Renaissance resulted in the establishment of a palace academy with a prescribed academic curriculum
3. The Frankish system of inheritance hastened the dissolution of the Frankish Empire.
a. The Tready of Verdun (843) divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons
b. Carolingian rule ended in the tenth century because of the decline of central authority and the invasions of the Scandanavian tribes

Front 43

World Histoy
Early Middle Ages
THe Viking (Norse) invasions pillaged the coasts of Europe in the eight century

Back 43

1. The Danes were responsible for the major invasions of England
2. Alfred the Great (871-99) established the English Kingdom after stemming the Danish invasions
3. In France, the Carolingian king was forced to cede Normandy to the Vikings

Front 44

World History
Early Middle Ages
Society in the Middle Ages was based on the feudal system

Back 44

1. under feudalism, polictical authority was dominated by land nobility
a. feudal contract provided land in exchange for personal services to the king
b. law of primogeniture gave all property to eldest son.
c. church enjoyed a favorable position under feudalism and became and major landholder.
2. Manorialism was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism
a. commerce was virtually non existent; a purely ag economy prevailed
b. lord of the manor exercised full political, judicial, and economic control over the manor including serfs

Front 45

World History
The Later Middle Ages
(c. 100- - 1500)

Back 45

1. The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation states of France.
2. The Norman Conquest has a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England.
3. Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages
4. The Holy Roman Empire during the late middle ages
5. Characteristics of medieval civilizations during the late middle ages.
6. Historical interpretations of the Middle Ages.

Front 46

World History
The Later Middle Ages
The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation-states of France.

Back 46

1. Hugh Capet (987-96) established Capetian rule in France that lasted 300 years.
2. By the early thirteenth century, royal authority had expanded and France had become a European power.
3. Conflicts with the pope over the extent of religious rule resulted in an increase in the authority of the monarch.
4. The Hundred Year war (1337-1453) between England and France resulted in the English being driven out of most of France.

Front 47

World History
The Later Middle Ages
THe Norman Conquest had a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England.

Back 47

1. The Battle of Hastings (1066) ended Anglo Saxton rule in England.
2. By the twelfth century, English common law was firmly established.
3. The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the king. It is the most important document in English constitutional law.
4. By fourteenth century, English Parliament was firmly established.
a. parliament gained power at expense of the king.
b. House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes) composed Parliament.
5. The War of Roses (1455-85) was fought over succession of the throne.
a. House of Lancaster crushed the House of York.
b. Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty in England

Front 48

The Magna Carta (1215)

Back 48

limited the power of the king. most important document in English constitutional law.

Front 49

World History
The Later Middle Ages
Spain and Portugal

Back 49

1. The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Moslem Spain in 1492.
a. Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule.
b. monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews.

Front 50

World History
THe Later Middle Ages
The Holy Roman Empire

Back 50

1. pope was dominant in religious matters and the king in secular matters.
a. Germany consisted of kingdoms, dukedoms, and smaller princely states.
b. Frederick Barbarossa (1152-90) called the union of Germany and Italy the holy roman empire; he stated that the king's authority was higher than that of the popes.
2. A continuing power struggle with the pope resulted in the further decentralization of the Germanic states.
3. Conflict between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late middle ages.
a. papacy was dominated by a series of holy roman emperors.
b. under pope leo IX (1049-54) the independency of papacy was established.

Front 51

World History
The Later Middle Ages
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages.

Back 51

1. Society was based on strict class division: CLergy and nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans were the work forces, and serfs were tied to the land.
2. The decline of feudalism and manorialism was evident by the 12th century and completed by the 16th
3. commercial revival led to the rise of towns.
a. true middle class emerged
b. economic activities in towns were supervised by guild system (merchant and craft guilds)
c. Mediterranean commerce was dominated by Venetians and Genoans.
d. Crusades led to revival of international trade; money became primary unit of exchange.
4. Education stressed the liberal arts.
a. Theology considered queen of sciences
b universities created in paris, oxford, cambridge during 11th and 12th centuries
c. latin was language of intellectual europe; vernacular was used by 12th century
5. Philosophy (scholasticism) dealt with the consistency of faith and reason; realism and nominalism were rival points of view.
a. Realism (Plato's view): Reality consists of ideas (universals) that exist in the mind, independent of sensory powers of perception.
b. Nominalism (Universals) are just symbols for names for objects; only perceived objects are real, and they exist independent of the mind.
6. Architecture was dominated by Romanesque (11th to 12th) an Gothic (13th to 15th) styles.

Front 52

World History
The Later Middle Ages
Historical Interpretations of the MIddle Ages

Back 52

1. period to transition between ancient and modern europe.
2. were unique with distinctive culture.