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227 Cards in this Set

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Federalist
Those who favored a strong central government and the new constitution.
RECOMMENDED
Anti-Federalist
Those who opposed a strong central government and the new constitution.
RECOMMENDED
What was the turning point for the civil war?
The battle of Vicksburg was the turning point for the civil war. It consolidated Union control of the Mississippi River and divided the Confederacy in two.
RECOMMENDED
War Powers Act of 1973
Allows the President to use military forces for 60 days, without a formal declaration of war by Congress.
RECOMMENDED
La Raza Unida
La Raza Unida is a aparty est in 1970. This party was to improve the economic, social, and politica aspects of the latino communty in Texas.
RECOMMENDED
What was the result of the extension of mass transit in the 1870s?
People began to move to the suburbs.
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What was the womens contribution to the Progressive era?
They contributed to the women's suffrage amendment.
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What was the cause of the economic & environmental disaster in the 1930s that struck the Great Plains?
1920s farmers added to their use 5 million acres of prairie & steppe, removing the natural grass. This only contributed to the drought in the 1930s.
RECOMMENDED
The main purpose of the War Powers Act of 1973?
to restrain the president's ability to deploy forces outside the United States
RECOMMENDED
What is the purpose of La Raza Unida ?
Has worked to organize social & cultural programs designed to preserve the cultural heritage of Mexican Americans.
RECOMMENDED
What was the concern of Antifederalists?
Governmental tyranny. They supported measures to protect individual liberties.
RECOMMENDED
What was the main critiscism of the originally drafted U.S. Constitution?
Its failure to include a Bill of Rights.
RECOMMENDED
What was the reason for the northward migrantion of African Americans in the 20th century?
They were given more job opportunities during WWI.
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The difference between Roosevelt & Truman was?
Their aggrivesive stance toward the soviet union.
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What was diff't of Asian immigration in the 1960s, than earlier before?
Asians are immigrating from more asian countries than before.
RECOMMENDED
What is the difference between the Pacific Coast region, than from other regions in the U.S.?
It has a larger population growth rates.
RECOMMENDED
Why has prime farmland been converted into nonagricultural use in California?
California is dealing with rising real estate values caused by the demand for new
suburban subdivisions.
RECOMMENDED
Why is cotton grown in the South?
Warm climate is required.
RECOMMENDED
Why is dairy produce in areas such as New England, New York, & the upper Great Lakes states?
Cool climate with enough rain is required.
RECOMMENDED
What are the 13 colonies?
Massachusetts, New Hampshire Conneticut, Rhode Island Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia
Indians in the North:
Indians who had a smaller and less cohessive socities.
Indians in the West:
Indians did creation of stories. Winter gathering. Gave gifts. Shared food.
Indians in the East:
Indians who had four languages. Their econommy was based on hunting and fishing.
Indians in the Midwest:
This group had the most famous who were the Mount Builders.
Indians in the Northeast:
Indians who built setlements, villages, traveled in canoes.
Indians in the Southeast:
Indians who were more developed. Influence by the hopea.
Iroquio
Located in New York and Pennsylvania.
Iroquio Confederation
is made up of five groups. Each group maintained a seperate culture.
Pope Revolt
The pueblo attempted to chase out the Franciscans. suceeded.
New France
Appears to traders and Jesuits. The French could coexist peachefully with the Native societies.
Crops in the South
Tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar.
Virginia Co of London
Business venture. After problems they recruit farmers & began tobacco plantations.
George Calvert
Was granted Maryland. Offered land for refugees.
Mayflower compact
1st written agreement of self-govt in America. all signed to obey equal/just laws passed by majority
IMPORTANT
Seperatist
They were the pilgrims. Who made their home in Plymouth.
X
Calvinism/Puritanism
belief system of Puritans. John Calvin- predestination.
Pequot war
An alliance of Massachusetts Bay & Plymouth colonies, w/ Native American allies, against the Pequot tribe. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot.
IMPORTANT
William Penn
Quaker. religious toleration. founded Pennsylvania-haven for religious freedom and democracy
Who were the British allies in the Pequot war?
The British had the help of the Mohegan and Narraganset tribes.
IMPORTANT
Megalopolis
A very large city.
A region made up of several large cities & their surrounding areas in sufficient proximity to be considered a single urban complex.
Joseph McCarthy
A political leader who terrorized the pulbic w/ a fear for communism.
John Quincy Adams
As the 2nd President of the US (1797–1801). He also served as America's 1st Vice President. Adams was also the 1st President to reside in the newly built White House in Washington, D.C., which was completed in 1800. A sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, was a driving force for independence in 1776.
IMPORTANT
Alfred Thayer
Wrote several books that were international influential. The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890) & The Life of Nelson
Luisiana Purchase
1803, Jefferson bought from the Napoleon Louisiana Territory for $15 mil.
Jeffersonian
Pertaining to or advocating the political principles & doctrines of Thomas Jefferson, esp. those stressing minimum control by the central gov't, the inalienable rights of the individual, & the superiority of an agrarian economy & rural society.
Jacksonian
of or pertaining to Andrew Jackson, his ideas, the period of his presidency, or the political principles or social values associated with him: Jacksonian democracy.
temperance movement
The attempted to greatly reduce the amount of alcohol consumed or even prohibit its production and consumption entirely.
Union
Prohibited slavery
Confederacy
Pro Slavery
temperance movement
The attempted to greatly reduce the amount of alcohol consumed or even prohibit its production and consumption entirely.
Reconstruction
Was the attempt from 1863 to 1877 to resolve the issues of the American Civil War, after the Confederacy was defeated and slavery ended.
Amendment 13
abolishes slavery
Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
was the slogan describing U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The United States, he claimed, had the right not only to oppose European intervention in the Western Hemisphere, but it could be seen as a later, more subtle version of Gunboat Diplomacy.
Monroe Doctrine
Is a U.S. doctrine which, on Dec 1823, proclaimed that European powers would no longer colonize or interfere w/ the affairs of the newly independent nations. The U.S. planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers & their colonies. However, if these latter types of wars were to occur in the U.S., the U.S. would view such action as hostile.
Woodrow Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
Wilson used the slogan that had kept the country out of World War I thus far to win his second term.
Red Scare
Has been retroactively applied to two distinct periods of strong anti-Communism in United States. 1st from 1917 to 1920, and second from the late 1940s through the late 1950s.
Marcus Garvey’s
Back to Africa movement
American Civil Liberties Union
The ACLU's stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States."
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States.
Anti-Defamation League
aim is "to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. Its ultimate purpose is to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike and to put an end forever to unjust and unfair discrimination against and ridicule of any sect or body of citizens."
Marshall Plan
was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after World War II.
What is another name for King Philip's War?
Metacom's War or Metacom's Rebellion
IMPORTANT
Who is Metacom?
Also known as King Philip or Metacom, was a war chief or sachem of the Wampanoag Indians and their leader in King Philip's War. He adopted the European name of Philip.
IMPORTANT
King Phillip's war
War between puritan colonies and native americans
important
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
was an international organization for collective defense established on September 8, 1954. It was primarily created to block further Communist gains in Southeast Asia.
Warsaw Pact
was a military alliance of socialist states in Central and Eastern Europe.The pact served to counter the potential threat from the NATO alliance.
Who were the Powhatan's?
a powerful confederacy of tribes that dominated eastern Virginia. They were in war with European settlers in the early 17th century.
IMPORTANT
Besides the Powhatan's war, what made the Powhatan's famous in history?
The Powhatan leader Wahunsunacock, had a daughter, Pocahontas who was in love with Captain John Smith and married John Rolfe. The marriage brought temporary peace.
IMPORTANT
Characteristics of the Powhatan's:
Lived east of the fall line in Tidewater Virginia. Built their houses of poles, rushes, & bark, & primary support by growing crops, especially maize, but they also fished & hunted the forest. Families organized in tribes that were led by a king or queen, who was a client of the Emperor & a member of his council. Men: warriors & hunters. Women: gardeners & gatherers.
IMPORTANT
Prior history leading to the French and Indian War:
Both New France & New England wanted to expand their territories with respect to fur trading & other pursuits that matched their economic interests.
IMPORTANT
What other war conflicted with the French and Indian War?
Seven Years' War
IMPORTANT
The French and Indian War:
The last of 4 major colonial wars between the British, the French, & their Native American allies. Unlike the previous 3 wars, the French & Indian War began on American soil & then spread to Europe, where Britain & France continued fighting. Britain won
IMPORTANT
Trail of Tears:
Known for the forced relocation in 1838 of the Cherokee Native American tribe to the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees.
IMPORTANT
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.
IMPORTANT
Beaver War:
A brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. The Iroquois sought to expand their territory & monopolize the fur trade & the trade between European markets & the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. Also known, French & Iroquois Wars.
IMPORTANT
Iroquois:
Also known as the Five or Six Nations. They were a mix of farmers, fishers, gatherers, & hunters. The main crops they
farmed were corn, beans & squash. Gathering was the job of the woman & children.
Wild roots, greens, berries & nuts were gathered in the summer. During spring maple
syrup was tapped from the trees, & herbs were gathered for medicine. Their belief system was a formless Great Spirit or Creator, from whom other spirits were derived.
IMPORTANT
Who were the members of the Iroquois Confederacy?
Consisted of the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the cayuga, the Seneca & the Tuscaror.
IMPORTANT
Huron:
Known in their native language as the Wendat. Located on the southeastern corner of Georgian Bay in what is now the Canadian province of Ontario before being dispersed by war. Are culturally identified as an Iroquoian group. Their traditional agriculture included the production of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers & tobacco. Were traditionally animists who believed spirits were present in just about everything, animate or inanimate. They had rituals which included the torture of captives, relating to the worship of a sun deity.
IMPORTANT
JOHN MARSHALL:
Was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power.
IMPORTANT
John Marshall:
Shaped American constitutional law & made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshall was Chief Justice of the United States, serving until his death. A leader of the Federalist Party. Established that the courts are entitled to exercise judicial review.
IMPORTANT
Chief Tecumseh
was a famous Shawnee leader. Spent much of his life attempting to rally disparate Native American tribes in a mutual defense of their lands, which eventually led to his death in the War of 1812.
IMPORTANT
Chief Logan
A Mingo American Indian leader in the era before the American Revolutionary War, whose revenge for the brutal killing of his family members by American frontiersmen helped spark the 1774 conflict known as Dunmore's War. Logan became famous for a speech, later known as "Logan's Lament", which he supposedly delivered after the war.
IMPORTANT
Chief John Ross
The dominant political figure in the Cherokee Nation, whose leadership spanned the entire period. By ancestry, Ross was 7/8 Scottish. He had been educated by white men, was a poor speaker of the Cherokee language, & was 1 of the wealthiest men of the Nation.
IMPORTANT
Sequoyah
Was a Cherokee silversmith who invented the Cherokee syllabary, thus earning him a place on the list of inventors of writing systems.
IMPORTANT
John Smith, Virginia
He is remembered for his role in est. the 1st permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, VA, & his brief association w/ the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation w/ the Powhatan Confederacy & her father, Chief Powhatan.
IMPORTANT
Roger Williams, Rhode Island
An English theologian, a proponent of religious toleration & the separation of church & state, & an advocate for fair dealings w/ Indians. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island.
IMPORTANT
William Penn, Pennsylvania
Was founder and "Absolute Proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English American colony. He was known as an early champion of democracy, religious, freedom & famous for his treaty w/ the Lenape Indians.
IMPORTANT
Lord Baltimore, Maryland
is Cecilius Calvert, was an English coloniser who was the 1st proprietor of the Maryland colony. He received the proprietorship that was intended for his father, George Calvert, the 1st Lord Baltimore, who died shortly before it was granted.
William Bradford, Plymouth
Was a leader of the separatist of the Plymouth Colony in
Massachusetts, and was elected 30x to be the Gov after John Carver died. He was the
2nd signer and primary architect of the Mayflower Compact in Provincetown Harbor. Bradford is credited as the 1st to Thanksgiving.
IMPORTANT
John Winthrop, Massachusetts
Was a leader of the separatist of the Plymouth Colony in
Massachusetts, and was elected 30x to be the Gov after John Carver died. He was the 2nd signer and primary architect of the Mayflower Compact. Bradford is credited as the 1st to Thanksgiving.
IMPORTANT
Puritanism in Massachusetts
A religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th cent that sought to “purify” the Church of England of remnants of the Roman Catholic “popery” that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
IMPORTANT
Anglicanism in Virginia
Is a term which refers to the beliefs and practices of Christian churches which either have historical connections w/ the Church of England or maintain a liturgy compatible with it.
IMPORTANT
Quakerism in Pennsylvania
Was founded in England in the 17th cent as a Christian religious denomination by people who were dissatisfied w/ the existing denominations & sects of Christianity. Became known as abolitionist.
IMPORTANT
First Great Awakening
Is the name sometimes given to a period of heightened religious activity, primarily in Britain & the colonies in the 1730s & 1740s. Marked a shift in religious ideas, practices, & allegiances in the colonial period, the growth of religious toleration, & free exercise of religion.
IMPORTANT
What did the British colonies create?
A political self-government and a free-market economic system.
IMPORTANT
Stamp Act
The act req all legal documents, permits, contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, & playing cards in the colonies to carry a tax stamp. It was part of an economic prog directly effecting colonial policy that was necessitated by Britain’s increased debt incurred during the British victory in the 7 Years War.
IMPORTANT
Townshend Acts
Passed by Parliament in 1767 refer to 2 Acts which were proposed by Charles Townshend. These laws placed a tax on common products imported into the American Colonies, such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea. It also granted certain duties in the British Colonies.
IMPORTANT
What did the Townshend Acts help pay for?
The money that was earned helped pay for the British governors and the other officials in the colonies.
IMPORTANT
Continental Congresses
Was the 1st de facto national gov't in America. It was a provisional gov't w/out a legal basis & was completely dependent on the colonies for political direction, funding & other resources.
IMPORTANT
First Continental Congress
Was a body of representatives appointed by the legislatures of 12 American colonies of the Kingdom of Britain in 1774. Drafted the Articles of Association on 20 Oct 1774. The Articles formed a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods beg on 1 Dec 1774.
IMPORTANT
Second Continental Congress
A body of 65 representatives appointed by the legislatures of 13 colonies that met from May 10, 1775, to Mar 1, 1781. Adopted the Declaration of Independence & the Articles of Confederation.
IMPORTANT
Committees of Correspondence
Was a body organized by the local governments of the colonies for the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of the colony. These served an important role in the American Revolution and the years leading up to it.
IMPORTANT
Who was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence?
John Hancock, as the elected President of Congress, was the only person to sign the Declaration of Independence on July 4th. It was not until the following month on August 2nd that the remaining 55 other delegates began to sign the document.
IMPORTANT
Who is Thomas Paine?
A pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, liberal & intellectual. Born in Britain, he lived there until the age of 37, he migrated to the America just in time to take part in the American Revolution. He contributed the pamphlet, Common Sense (1776), advocating independence for the colonies. Also an abolitionist.
IMPORTANT
Who drafted the Declaration of independence?
Thomas Jefferson
IMPORTANT
What important change did Benjamin Franklin make to the Declaration of Independence?
He changed the slogan from the Declaration of Independence from "Life, Liberty and Property" to "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."
IMPORTANT
What was the meaning of popular sovereignty in the Declaration of Independence?
People are the source of any and all governmental power. Government can only exist with the consent of the governed.
IMPORTANT
What was the meaning of Limited Government in the Declaration of Independence?
Government is restricted in what it can do. Each individual has rights that the government CANNOT take away.
IMPORTANT
What work of John Locke was influential to the Declaration of Independence?
Two Treatises of Government, 'Life, Liberty and Property'.
IMPORTANT
What was a reason why the colonies choose to separate from Britain?
King George III had broken the English Common-law that should have applied to all the people who lived in the colonies.
IMPORTANT
Why was the Magna Carta influential to the Declaration of Independence?
It was a document that limited the kings power in England. Then king who was to follow the English Common-law, did not honor it with the American colonies.
IMPORTANT
The Declaration of Independence was influenced by:
John Locke, James Otis, Samuel Adams, Thomas Reid, Richard Henry Lee, Oath of Abjuration, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbs, James Harrington.
IMPORTANT
Patrick Henry
Was a prominent figure in the American Revolution, known & remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. He was 1 of the most influential & radical) advocates of the American Revolution & republicanism, especially in his denunciations of corruption in govt officials & his defense of historic rights.
IMPORTANT
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President 1801–09, the principal author of the Declaration of Ind, & 1 of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the US. Major events include the Louisiana Purchase (1803) & the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804–06). He cut Federal budget.
IMPORTANT
George Washington:
Was the 1rst President of the United States, (1789–1797), after leading the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).
IMPORTANT
Benjamin Franklin
The most important & influential Founding Fathers. As a scientist he was a major figure in the Enlightenment for his discoveries & theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, & a musical instrument. It was him who negotiated with the French during the American Revolution.
IMPORTANT
Founding Fathers:
are the political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or the United States Constitution, or otherwise participated in the American Revolution as leaders of the Patriots.
IMPORTANT
Treaty of Paris:
Signed on Sept 3, 1783, & ratified by the Congress of the Confederation on Jan 14, 1784, formally ended the American Revolutionary War, which had rebelled against British rule starting in 1775. The other combatant nations, France, Spain & the Dutch Republic had separate agreements.
IMPORTANT
Marquis Marie Joseph de Lafayette
Was a French military officer & former aristocrat who participated in both the American and French revolutions. He renounced the nobility & the title "Marquis" before the French National Assembly on June 1790. He was twice granted Honorary Citizenship of the United States.
IMPORTANT
Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Was a German-Prussian army officer who served as general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with teaching the Continental Army the essentials of military drill and discipline, helping to guide it to victory. Served with General George Washington's.
IMPORTANT
Abigail Adams
As the wife of John Adams, the second President. is remembered today for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John Adams frequently sought the advice of his wife.
IMPORTANT
Molly Pitcher
Was the nickname given to a woman who may have fought in the American Revolutionary War.
IMPORTANT
Phillis Wheatley
Was the first published African American poet whose writings helped create the genre of African American literature. She was born in Gambia, Africa, and became a slave at age 7. She was purchased by the Boston Wheatley family, who taught her to read and write, and helped encouraged her poetry.
IMPORTANT
Mercy Otis Warren
Was an American writer and playwright. She was known as the "Conscience of the American Revolution". Was one of the first female authors to be published in the American colonies.
IMPORTANT
U.S. Constitution
Is the supreme law of the U.S. It provides the framework for the organization of the U.S. Gov't. It outlines the 3 main branches of the gov't. The executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch. Establishes the U.S.' federal system of gove't.
IMPORTANT
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the U.S. The Ordinance unanimously passed on July 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the 1st organized territory of the U.S. out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north & west of the Ohio River, & east of the Mississippi River.
IMPORTANT
Coercive Act
Or The Intolerable Acts, were names given by colonists in the 13 Colonies to a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774.
IMPORTANT
Magna Carta:
Is an English charter originally issued in 1215. Was originally written because of disagreements among Pope Innocent III, King John & the English barons about the rights of the King. It req the King to renounce certain rights, respect certain legal procedures & accept that his will could be bound by the law. It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered — most notably the writ of habeas corpus, allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment.
IMPORTANT
English Common Law
It is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent (stare decisis) to the facts before them. The name given because these laws would be common in other parts of the world.
IMPORTANT
English Bill of Rights
Is an Act of the Parliament of England w/ the long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. Is largely a statement of certain rights that its authors considered that citizens and/or residents of a constitutional monarchy ought to have.
IMPORTANT
Articles of Confederation
Was the 1st governing document, or constitution, of the U.S. The 13 states were formally 13 independent countries until ratification of the Articles, proposed in 1777, was completed in 1781; whereupon the "United States of America" legally came into existence. set the rules for operations of the U.S. confederation.
IMPORTANT
Federalist Papers
A series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Serve as a primary source for interpretation of the Constitution, as they outline the philosophy & motivation of the proposed system of gov't. The articles were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay.
IMPORTANT
Alexander Hamilton
Was an Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, politician, leading statesman & political theorist. 1 of U.S. 1st constitutional lawyers, he was a leader in calling the Philadelphia Convention in 1787; he was 1 of the 2 chief authors of the Federalist Papers, the most cited contemporary interpretation of intent for the U.S. Constitution.
IMPORTANT
James Madison
Was politician and the 4rth President (1809–1817), & 1 of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. He was the last founding father to die. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, he wrote over a 3rd of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution.
IMPORTANT
John Jay:
Considered 1 of the "founding fathers" of the U.S., he served in the Continental Congress, & was elected President of that body. During & after the American Revolution, he was a minister (ambassador) to Spain & France, helping to fashion U.S. foreign policy & to secure favorable peace terms from the British & French. He co-wrote the Federalist Papers.
IMPORTANT
Roger Sherman:
Was a lawyer & politician. He served as the mayor in Connecticut, & served on the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. He was the only person to sign all 4 great state papers of the U.S.: the Articles of Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation & the Constitution.
IMPORTANT
Gouverneur Morris
As an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 & was an author of large sections of the Constitution of the U.S. He is widely credited as the author of the document's Preamble: "We the People of the U.S., in order to form a more perfect union...".
IMPORTANT
James Wilson
Was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, twice elected to the Continental Congress, a major force in the drafting of the nation's Constitution, a leading legal theoretician & 1 of the 6 original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the U.S.
IMPORTANT
First Amendment
It prohibits the U.S. Congress from making laws "respecting an establishment of religion" or that prohibit free exercise of religion (the "Free Exercise Clause"), laws that infringe the freedom of speech, infringe the freedom of the press, limit the right to assemble peaceably, or limit the right to petition the gov't for a redress of grievances.
IMPORTANT
Disagreements between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton:
Began sparring over national fiscal policy, especially the funding of the debts of the war, w/ Hamilton believing that the debts should be equally shared, & Jefferson believing that each state should be responsible for its own debt. Alexander Hamilton, who envisioned a nation of commerce & manufacturing, which Jefferson said offered too many temptations to corruption.
IMPORTANT
Alien and Sedition Acts
Were 4 bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the U.S. Congress—which was waging an undeclared naval war w/ France, later known as the Quasi-War—& signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the U.S. from alien citizens of enemy powers & to stop seditious attacks from weakening the gov't.
IMPORTANT
Shays' Rebellion:
Was an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays & known as Shaysites (Regulators), were mostly small farmers angered by crushing debt & taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the state.
IMPORTANT
Whiskey Rebel-lion
Was a popular uprising that had its beginnings in 1791 & culminated in an insurrection in 1794 in the locality of Washington, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela Valley. The rebellion occurred shortly after the Articles of Confederation had been replaced by a stronger federal gov't under the U.S. Constitution in 1789
IMPORTANT
Jacksonian
7th President of the United States (1829–1837). Also military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), & the eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy.
IMPORTANT
George Washington's Farewell Address
As written to the people of the U.S. at the end of his 2nd term as President. He had much help from Alexander Hamilton, but all the key ideas were those of Washington, not Hamilton or Madison.
IMPORTANT
Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the National Bank?
Believed that the Bank concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength in a single institution, it served mainly to make the rich richer, and exercised too much control over members of Congress.
IMPORTANT
Washington Irving:
Was an American author of the early 19th century. Best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", he was also a prolific essayist, biographer and historian. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th century Spain dealing with subjects such as Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra.
IMPORTANT
James Fenimore Cooper:
Popular American writer of the early 19th cent. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories & the historical romances. Famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many consider to be his masterpiece.
IMPORTANT
War of 1812:
Britain had been at war w/ France since 1793 & in order to impede neutral trade w/ France in response to the Continental Blockade, it imposed a series of trade restrictions that the U.S. contested as illegal under international law. Americans declared war on June 1812.
IMPORTANT
Mexican-American War
as an armed military conflict between the U.S. & Mexico from 1846-48 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico didn't recognize the secession & subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836; it considered Texas a rebel province.
IMPORTANT
Whig Party
A political party of the U.S. during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Operating from 1833-56, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson & the Democratic Party. The party was ultimately destroyed by the question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery to the territories.
IMPORTANT
Henry Clay's American System
Founder & leader of the Whig Party & a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, a national bank, & internal improvements to promote canals, ports & railroads. He was a leading War Hawk &, according to historian Clement Eaton, was responsible for the War of 1812.
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Great Irish Famine
Reduced the population of Ireland by 20 to 25 % between 1845 & 1852. The proximate cause of the famine was a water mould. It effected their potatoes.
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Horace Mann's
Launched a campaign to ends slavery and reform education.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Was a social activist & leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the 1st women's rights convention, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the U.S.
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Nat Turner
Was a slave whose slave rebellion in Virginia, was the most remarkable instance of black resistance to enslavement in the antebellum southern U.S. His methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial, but he is still considered by many to be a heroic figure of black resistance to oppression.
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Jacksonian democracy
This era saw a great increase of respect & power for the common man, as the electorate expanded to include all white male adult citizens, rather than only land owners in that group.promoted the strength of the executive branch & the Presidency at the expense of Congressional power, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in gov't.
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Texas War of Independence
Was fought from 1835-36 between the Mexican government and the rebellious territory of Texas. It resulted in the establishment of the short-lived Republic of Texas.
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What is a Spoils System?
Refers to an informal practice by which a party, after winning an election, gives gov't jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, & as an incentive to keep working for the party.
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What is the Manifest Destiny?
Was a phrase that expressed the idea that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean.It was originally a political catch phrase or slogan used by Democrats in the 1845-1855 period, & rejected by Whigs & Republicans of that era.
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Harriet Tubman
Was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the U.S. Civil War. After escaping from captivity, she made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.
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Civil War
Was a civil war between the United States of America (the "Union") and the Southern slave states of the newly formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis. The Union included all of the free states & the 5 slaveholding border states & was led by Abraham Lincoln & the Republican Party.
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Frederick Douglass
Was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. He is one of the most prominent figures in African American history and a formidable public presence.
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Constitutional Convention of 1787
An agreement was reached that allowed the Federal government to abolish the international slave trade.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands for people, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, & allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford
Lndmark case of the 1850s in which the Supreme Court declared that blacks weren't citizens. Ruled that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal areas. It was also ruled that slaves couldn't sue in court, & that slaves were private property, &, being private property, couldn't be taken away from their owners.
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Lincoln-Douglas debates
A series of 7 formal meetings during the Illinois senatorial campaign of 1858, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln argued the issue of slavery w/ the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. They argued over slavery issues.
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Gettysburg Address
Is the most famous speech of Abraham Lincoln & 1 of the most quoted speeches in U.S. history. It was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, PA, on Nov 1863, during the Civil War, 4 1/2 months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg.
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Ulysses S. Grant
An American general and the 18TH President of the U.S. (1869–1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
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Confederate States of America
Was the government formed by eleven southern states of the United States of America between 1861 and 1865.
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Jefferson Davis
Was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War.
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Reconstruction
Was the attempt by the federal government of the United States to resolve the issues of the American Civil War (1861-1865), after the Confederacy was defeated and slavery ended.
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Freedmen's Bureau
It was a federal agency that was formed during Reconstruction to aid distressed refugees of the Civil War. It was initiated by Abraham Lincoln & intended to last for 1 year after the end of the Civil War. It became primarily an agency to help the freed former slaves in the South.
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"Jim Crow" laws
Were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965. They mandated "separate but equal" status for black Americans.
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Andrew Carnegie
Was a Scottish-born American industrialist, businessman, a major philanthropist, and the founder of Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company which was later merged with Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies to create U.S. Steel.
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Samuel Gompers
Was an American labor union leader & a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
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Populism
May involve either a political philosophy urging social and political system changes and/or a rhetorical style, deployed by members of political or social movements competing for advantage within the existing party system.
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U.S. Bill of Rights
Are the 1st 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. They were introduced by James Madison. Ten of the amendments were ratified & became the Bill of Rights in 1791. These amendments limit the powers of the federal gov't, protecting the rights of all citizens, residents & visitors on U.S. territory.
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Social Darwinism
Is a theory that competition between all individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies.
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Sixteenth Amendment
Was ratified on Febr 1913. This Amendment overruled Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895), which greatly limited the Congress's authority to levy an income tax. This Amendment allows the Congress to levy an income tax without regard to the States or the Census.
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Theodore Roosevelt
President between 1901-09. Leader of the Republican Party & of the Progressive Movement. Dissolved 40 monopolistic corporations as a "trust buster". His "Square Deal" promised a fair shake for both the average citizen (through regulation of railroad rates & pure food & drugs) & businessmen. The 1st U.S. president to call for universal health care & national health insurance.
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Second Great Awakening
(1800–1830s) was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. It also encouraged an eager evangelical attitude that later reappeared in American life in causes dealing with prison reform, temperance, women's suffrage, and the crusade to abolish slavery.
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Free Exercise clauses
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
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Spanish-American War
Was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December.
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William Taft's Dollar Diplomacy
Further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
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Woodrow Wilson's Moral Diplomacy
Called for the U.S. to not interfere w/ foreign affairs. He used the slogan that had kept the country out of WWI thus far to win his 2nd term. Although key to developing this policy, he was quick to disregard its main points when he entered the 1st World War.
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Entente Powers
Consisted of France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, U.S.
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Central Powers:
CGermany and Austria-Hungary
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What ended WWI?
The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919
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What was President Woodrow Wilson contribution to the settlement of WWI?
He contributed the "fourteen points". What came about was the League of Nations.
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Warren Harding
The 29th President, from 1921 to 1923. He was involve in the Teapot Dome.
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Tea Pot Dome
In 1922, Albert Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased, w/out competitive bidding, the Teapot Dome fields to Harry Sinclair & to Edward Doheny. It was later known that Sinclair & Doheny bride Fall. The investigation led to criminal prosecutions.
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Calvin Coolidge
The 13th President (1923–1929). Presided after President Warren Harding's death.
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Palmer Raids
Were a series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice & Immigration Departments from 1919-21 on suspected radical leftists in the U.S. The raids are named for Alexander Mitchell Palmer, U.S. Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson.
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What movement did Marcus Garvey's create?
"back-to-Africa" movement
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Eighteenth Amendment
prohibition of alcohol
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Nineteenth Amendment
Provides that neither any individual state of the United States or the federal government may deny a citizen the right to vote because of the citizen's sex. Passed in 1922.
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmers to reduce crop area.
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National Recovery Administration
Allowed industries to create "codes of fair competition," which were intended to reduce "destructive competition" & to help workers by setting minimum wages & maximum weekly hours. It also allowed industry heads to collectively set minimum prices.
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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Is a United States gov't agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry/stock market.
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Is a U.S. gov't corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. The vast number of bank failures in the Great Depression spurred the U.S. Congress into creating an institution which would guarantee deposits held by commercial banks
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Works Progress Administration
Was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions of people and affecting most every locality, especially rural and western mountain populations.
National Labor Relations Board
Is an independent agency of the United States Government charged with conducting elections for labor union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices.
California Central Valley Project
Major public works projects beginning in the 1930s sought to reduce the amount of snowmelt flooding by the building of large dams.
American Federation of Labor
Was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio in 1886 by Samuel Gompers.
Congress of Industrial Organizations
It was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions from 1935-55. The CIO was more aggressive & militant than the American Federation of Labor (AFL); its leaders were often younger & used more radical tactics until certain leaders within the organization, who are claimed to have been Communists, were purged in the late 1940s & 1950s & the organization merged with the AFL in 1955.
United Farm Workers
Is a labor union that evolved from unions founded in 1962 by César Chávez, Philip Vera Cruz, Dolores Huerta, and Larry Itliong.
Harry S. Truman
President 1945–1953. As vice president, he succeeded FDR, who died. His demeanor was very diff't from Roosevelt. He popularized such phrases as "The buck stops here". During a strike he threaten strikers to draft them into the military. Began his presidency during the end of WWII.
Fred Korematsu v. United States of America
Was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order, which required Japanese-Americans in the western U.S. to be excluded from a described West Coast military area. In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the gov't, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional.
Truman Doctrine
It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.
California Master Plan
It set up a coherent system for postsecondary education which defined specific roles for the already-existing University of California (UC), the California State University (CSU), and the California Community Colleges system (CCC)
Why did U.S. join WWII?
The attack on Pearl Harbor.
What role did the U.S. play during WWII?
U.S. supplied weapons to countries participating WWII. Thus, giving jobs to Americans.
Who were the members of the Allies?
Commonly refer to the "Big Three's": Britain, U.S., Soviet Union. Winston Churchill, FDR, & Joseph Stalin.
Who were the members of the Axis powers?
three major members were the Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan.
What was the aftermath of WWII?
The United Nations was brought about to bring peace among countries. It replaced League of Nations. Their was still a split, diving those communist with those non communist.
Who was the founder of the United Nations?
Truman
Marshall plan
as the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after World War II. The initiative was named for Secretary of State George Marshall
Taft-Hartley Act
Is a United States federal law that greatly restricts the activities and power of labor unions. Labor leaders called it the "slave-labor bill".
Berlin Blockade
Was one of the first major crises of the new Cold War. It began when the Soviets blocked railroad & street access by the 3 Western powers (the U.S., British, & French) to the Western-occupied sectors of Berlin.
International Declaration of Human Rights
Is a non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in response to the barbarian acts of World War II.
What were the reasons U.S. went to war w/ Spain?
Spain's control of Cuba & mistreatment of its citizens; America's desire to expand its markets into foreign lads; the explosion of the U.S. battleship the Maine.
natural rights
is the concept of a universal right inherent in the nature of living beings, one that is not contingent upon laws or beliefs.
Federalist Paper Number 10
Written by James Madison. It addresses the question of how to guard against "factions," groups of citizens w/ interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community.
RECOMMENDED
Federalist Paper Number 51
Written by James Madison. The title is "The Structure of the Gov't Must Furnish the Proper Checks & Balances Between the Diff't Dep'ts."
RECOMMENDED
Federalist Paper Number 78
Written by Alexander Hamilton. It addresses concerns by the Anti-Federalists over the scope & power of the federal judiciary, which would have comprised unelected, politically insulated judges that would be appointed for life.
RECOMMENDED
Enumerated powers
Are a list of specific responsibilities found in Article 1 Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which enumerate the authority granted to the U.S. Congress.
RECOMMENDED