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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Who is Benjamin Franklin?
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1706–90 American. Statesman, scientist, political philosopher, author. Writings on nationality, economic matters, published in Poor Richard's Almanac & polemics. Involved w/ writing U.S. Declaration of Independence & the Constitution of 1787.
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Who is Thomas Jefferson?
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3rd President 1801–09, the principal author of the Declaration of Ind, & 1 of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the US. Major events include the Louisiana Purchase (1803) & the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804–06). He cut Federal budget.
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Who is John Locke?
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English Philosopher who expanded & extended the work of Francis Bacon & Thomas Hobbes. Seminal thinker in the realm of the relationship between the state & the individual, the contractual basis of the state & the rule of law. Argued for personal liberty w/ respect to property.
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Who is Charles-Louis Montesquieu?
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French political thinker. Famous for the theory of separation of powers.
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Who is Thomas Paine?
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English/American. Pamphleteer, most famous for Common Sense attacking England's domination of the colonies in America. The pamphlet was key in fomenting the American Revolution. Also wrote The Age of Reason which remains one of the most persuasive critiques of the Bible ever written.
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Who is Voltaire?
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1694–1778 French Enlightenment writer, essayist, & philosopher. Known for his wit, & defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion & the right to a fair trial.
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Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
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Wrote the Confessions and the Social contract.
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Who is Adam Smith?
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Economist. Book: The Wealth of Nations. Believes in free market. One of the main points of The Wealth of Nations is that the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called "invisible hand"
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Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
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(1759-1797) British writer, philosopher, and feminist. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). The book focuses on womens equality
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Who is Thomas Hobbes?
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(1588 – 1679) English philosopher, who wrote Leviathan.
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Who is Aristotle?
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Ancient Greek philosopher. He believed the best achievable gov't was one w/ a mixed constitution that combined elements of oligarchy & democracy.
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What is the Bill of Rights?
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Is the U.S. ten amendments
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Authors of the Declaration of Independence?
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Thomas Jefferson, John Adams & Benjamin Franklin
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Who influence the Declaration of Independence?
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By John Locke’s phrase “life, Liberty, & the pursuit of property” to the “pursuit of happiness” & his book Treatise of Gov’t. By Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense. Also, a product of the Enlightenment movement.
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Who signed the Declaration of Independence?
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The first and most famous signature was that of John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress. Two future presidents, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, were among the signatories. And Benjamin Franklin
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Who are the Founding Fathers
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The signatories of the Declaration of Independence are often called "Founders."
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What are the Bill of Rights?
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First 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. These amend’s limit the powers of the federal gov’t, protecting the rights of all citizens, residents & visitors on U.S. territory.
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What happened in the civil war?
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1861–65 was a civil war between the U.S. (the "Union") & the Southern slave states. The Union included all of the free states & the 5 slaveholding border states & was led by Abraham Lincoln & the Republican Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery into territories owned by the U.S.
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What happened in the Reconstruction?
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Reconstruction, which began early in the war and ended in 1877, involved a rapidly changing series of federal and state policies. The long-term result came in the three "Civil War" amendments to the Constitution (the XIII, which abolished slavery, the XIV, which extended federal legal protections to citizens regardless of race, and the XV, which abolished racial restrictions on voting).
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Who is Niccolò Machiavelli?
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He is a figure of the Italian Renaissance & central figure of its political component, most widely known for his treatises on realist political theory (The Prince) on the one hand & republicanism.
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What is The Prince?
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A book written by Machiavelli. can be interpreted as the founder of modern political science, a discipline based on the actual state of the world as opposed to how the world might be in utopias.
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Who is William Blackstone?
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1723 – 1780 was an English jurist & professor who produced the historical & analytic treatise on the common law called Commentaries on the Laws of England. Still remains an important source on classical views of the common law & its principles.
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What is common law?
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the law is created and/or refined by judges: a decision in the case currently pending depends on decisions in previous cases and affects the law to be applied in future cases. When there is no authoritative statement of the law, common law judges have the authority and duty to "make" law by creating precedent.
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Who is Alexis de Tocqueville?
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1805 – 1859) a French political thinker & historian best known for his Democracy in America (appearing in 2 volumes: 1835 & 1840) & The Old Regime & the Revolution (1856). In both of these works, he explored the effects of the rising equality of social conditions on the individual & the state in western societies.
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What's in the U.S. Constitution?
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The Constitution consists of a preamble, 7 original articles, 27 amendments, and a paragraph certifying its enactment by the constitutional convention. Reflects a balance between the classical republican concern with promotion of the public good and the classical liberal concern with protecting individual rights
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What was the Federalist Papers?
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are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Many by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
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What is the difference between separation of powers and "check & balances"?
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The separation of powers is the different government branches. Checks and balances is the purpose of the separation of powers, that one branch can over-ride another. So all branches can have equal power.
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What is the House of Representatives?
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is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Each state is represented in the House proportionally by its population, and is entitled to at least one representative; the most populous state has 53 representatives.
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What is the Senate?
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A deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. It is known informally as the "upper house. n the Senate, each state is represented by two members; regardless of population.
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What are the three separation of powers?
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Executive is executive branch of government headed by the President. Judiciary has the inherent authority to interpret laws. Legislature's main job is to make laws.
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What is the Supreme Court?
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Is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch.
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What are the Justices?
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The Court consists of nine Justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and 8 Associate Justices nominated by the president. Serve for life and can be removed only by resignation, or by impeachment and subsequent conviction
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What is the meridian?
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An imaginary great circle on the earth's surface passing through the North and South geographic poles.
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What is California's geography?
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There are alpine mountains, foggy coastlines, hot deserts, and a fertile central valley. Home to the world's tallest (coast redwood), most massive (Giant Sequoia), and oldest (bristlecone pine) trees. It is also home to both the highest (Mt. Whitney) and lowest (Death Valley.
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Who are the main tribes in CA?
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Miwok who lived in what is now Northern CA. The Yokuts lived in Central CA. Pomo live on the Pacific Coast in the Northern San Francisco Bay Area. Yurok, whose name means "downriver people", whose ancestors, by some estimates, have lived for at least 10,000 years near the Pacific Ocean coast of Northern CA and Southern Oregon.
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Where in California where the Indians mostly situated?
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In the coastal and northern part of CA.
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Who is Captain James Cook?
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(1728 – 1779) was an English explorer. The 1st to map Newfoundland prior to making 3 voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the 1st European contact w/ the eastern coastline of Australia & the Hawaiian Islands as well as the 1st recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
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What was the passage to California?
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It was around the cape horn across the Pacific Ocean.
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Who is Vitus Bering?
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(1681– 1741) navigator in the service of the Russian Navy. The voyages of Bering & Chirikov were a major part of the Russian exploration efforts in the North Pacific known today as the Great Northern Expedition.
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What is the Great Northern Expedition?
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refers to the continuation of an enterprise initially conceived by emperor Peter I the Great to map the Northern Sea Route to the East. From the economic point of view it stimulated Siberian merchants to develop fur trading on islands near Alaska.
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Who is Juan Cabrillo?
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Noted for his exploration of the west coast of North America while sailing for Spain. Cabrillo was the first European explorer to navigate the coast of present day California in the United States.
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Who is Juan Crespi?
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1721–1782), A Spanish missionary & explorer in the Southwest, a Franciscan. He came to America in 1749, & accompanied explorer Junípero Serra. In charge of a mission in Baja CA. He joined the expedition of Gaspar de Portolà to occupy San Diego & Monterey; His diaries, published in H. E. Bolton's Fray Juan Crespi (1927), provided valuable records of these expeditions.
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Who is Junipero Serra?
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Father Junípero Serra (1713 – 1784) was a Spanish Franciscan friar who founded the mission chain in Alta California.
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Who is Gaspar de Portolà?
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(1716 – 1784), a soldier, governor of Baja and Alta California (1767–1770), explorer and founder of San Diego and Monterey.
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What are missions?
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A body of persons sent to a foreign land by a religious organization, especially a Christian organization, to spread its faith or provide educational, medical, and other assistance.
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What are the purposes of missions in CA?
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To bring order, to civilize, to spread religion, labor, and expansion. The tribes involved were Mayo, Yaqui, Seri, and Apache.
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What are presidios?
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A garrison, especially a fortress of the kind established in the southwest of the U.S. by the Spanish to protect their holdings and missions.
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What are ranchos?
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The Ranchos are land grants. Spanish concessions permitted settlement and granted grazing rights on specific tracts of land, while retaining title with the crown.
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what kind of effect did the Mexican War of Independence have on CA?
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It made CA vulnerable to annexation.
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What is a Franciscan?
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They took the place of the Jesuits in the missions.
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What triggered the Mexican-American War?
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Was an armed military conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico didn't recognize the secession of Texas in 1836; it considered Texas a rebel province.
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The meaning of the Bear Flag?
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The flag of California was first flown during the Bear Flag Revolt as the flag of the California Republic, and a modified version was then adopted by the California State Legislature.The star imitated the lone star of Texas. A grizzly bear represented the many bears seen in the state.
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What were the results of the Mexican-American War?
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The most important consequence of the war for the U.S. was the Mexican Cession, in which the Mexican territories of Alta California & Santa Fé de Nuevo México were ceded to the U.S. under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
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History of the Bear Flag?
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The original Bear Flag was raised for the first time in Sonoma, California on June 14, 1846, by the men who became known as the "Bear Flaggers" led by William B. Ide who said he wished to "bring freedom to the Spaniards."
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What were the terms of the Treaty of Hidalgo?
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the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to Mexico. U.S. paid exchange for US$15 million. The lands won were included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah.
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What is the Manifest Destiny?
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Was a phrase that expressed the idea that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean.It was originally a political catch phrase or slogan used by Democrats in the 1845-1855 period, and rejected by Whigs and Republicans of that era.
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What is Fort Ross?
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Fort Ross is a former Russian settlement in what is now Sonoma County, California in the United States.
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Gold Rush?
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(1848–1855) A system of laws and a government were created, leading to the admission of California as a state in 1850. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service and railroads were built. ] However, the Gold Rush also had negative effects: Native Americans were attacked and pushed off traditional lands, and gold mining caused environmental harm.
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Federalist
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Those who favored a strong central government and the new constitution.
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Anti-Federalist
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Those who opposed a strong central government and the new constitution.
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What was the turning point for the civil war?
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The battle of Vicksburg was the turning point for the civil war. It consolidated Union control of the Mississippi River and divided the Confederacy in two.
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War Powers Act of 1973
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Allows the President to use military forces for 60 days, without a formal declaration of war by Congress.
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La Raza Unida
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La Raza Unida is a aparty est in 1970. This party was to improve the economic, social, and politica aspects of the latino communty in Texas.
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McCulloch V. Maryland
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Because federal laws have supremacy over state laws, Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by taxing it.
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Aristotle had an influence on the Founding Fathers that contribute to what part of the U.S. Constitution?
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The electoral process
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In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled:
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Tthe States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government.
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The decision of McCulloch v. Maryland practiced?
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federalism
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What are the 5 families of Indians in California?
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Athabascan, algonkin,, yuklan, hokan, penutian, shoshonean
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Who were the Athabascan family (indians)?
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They are the largest sub-family. Located mostly in Canada & a few in Northern CA.
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Who were the Athabascan family (indians)?
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They are the largest sub-family. Located mostly in Canada & a few in Northern CA.
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In early modern world, who were the 5 main powers?
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Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and the Dutch
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What is Mercantilism?
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A philosophy of nation building with the intent to build the power of the state.
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What is encomiendas?
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It is land given to a soldier that can be exploited.
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Spain conquered?
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Mexico, Panama, and other countries except Brazil.
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What was the fist mission?
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San Diego De Acala.
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1st Amendment
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freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly
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15th Amendment
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Blacks can vote
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14th Amendment
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Intended to secure rights for former slaves. It incl. the Due Process & Equal Protection Clauses among others.
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18th Amendment
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Prohibition
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19th Amendment
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Women's suffrage
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English Common Law
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were the law is created &/or refined by judges: a decision in the case currently pending depends on decisions in previous cases & affects the law to be applied in future cases. When there is no authoritative statement of the law, common law judges have the authority & duty to "make" law by creating precedent. The body of precedent is called "common law" & it binds future decisions.
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Common law legal systems as opposed to civil law legal systems:
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Common law systems place great weight on court decisions, which are considered "law" just as are statutes. By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions, judicial precedent is given less weight, & contributions by scholars are given more.
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Article 1
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Creates 2 parts of Congress - Legislative Branch. Describes the powers of the legislative branch of the U.S. gov't, known as Congress, which incl. the House of Representatives & the Senate.
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Article 2
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Job of President - Executive Branch. Creates the executive branch of the gov't, comprising the President & other executive officers.
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Article 3
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Establishes Judges - Judiciary. Establishes the judicial branch of the federal gov't. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the U.S. along w/ lower federal courts.
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3 gov't branches
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Executive, judicial, legislative
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Legislative
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makes laws
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Executive
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Carries out the laws
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Judicial
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hears cases.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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The "separate but equal" provision of public accommodations by state gov'ts is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.
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Brown v. Board of
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Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. District Court of Kansas reversed
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Miranda v. Arizona
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5th Amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his rights to remain silent & to obtain an attorney. Arizona Supreme Court reversed and remanded.
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Roe v. Wade
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Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion violated her due process rights. The Court of Texas affirmed in part, reversed in part. The decision struck down State regulation of abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy.
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Regents of the University of California v.
Bakke |
The Court held that while affirmative action systems are constitutional, a quota system based on race is unconstitutional.
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United States v. Virginia
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State of Virginia's exclusion of women from the Virginia Military Institute violated Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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Bush v.
Palm Beach County Canvassing Board |
The Supreme Court of the State of Florida interpreted its elections statutes in proceedings brought to require manual recounts of ballots, & the certification of the recount results, for votes cast in the quadrennial Presidential election held on November 7, 2000.
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Electoral College
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The United States Electoral College is a term used to describe the 538 President Electors who meet every 4 years to cast the electoral votes for President and Vice President of the United States. The Presidential Electors are elected by the popular vote on the day traditionally called election day.
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parliamentary system
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there is no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.
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marginal cost
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In economics and finance, marginal cost is the change in total cost that arises when the quantity produced changes by one unit.
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marginal benefit
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the benifit for producing the extra unit.
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Marbury v. Madison
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It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the U.S. under Article III of the Constitution. When Thomas Jefferson assumed office, he ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to w/hold Marbury's & several other men's commissions. Being unable to assume the appointed offices w/out the commission documents, Marbury & 3 others petitioned the Court to force Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury. The Supreme Court denied Marbury's petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim was unconstitutional.
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The results in the case of Marbury v. Madison:
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est. jusdicial review. Strengthened judicial branch power.
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United States v. Nixon
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The Supreme Court does have the final voice in determining constitutional questions; no person, not even the President of the U.S., is completely above law; and the president can't use executive privilege as an excuse to w/hold evidence that is 'demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial.
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What lead to the Plessy v. Ferguson case?
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Homer Plessy boarded a train car design for white "only". When he refused to leave the white car & move to the colored car, he was arrested & jailed. The court ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies as long as they operated w/in state boundaries.
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United States v. Virginia
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Is a case in which the Supreme Court of the U.S. struck down the Virginia Military Institute's long-standing male-only admission policy. It violated the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause.
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Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton
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They both had opposing views on the role of the government. The Federalists leader Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists wanted a strong national gov't. The Republicans leader was Thomas Jefferson. The Republicans supported the Constitution as a plan of gov't. But they did not think the Constitution gave the gove't unlimited powers.
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Shays' Rebellion:
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Was an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays & known as Shaysites (Regulators), were mostly small farmers angered by crushing debt & taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the state.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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The refusal of U.S. grain farmers & whiskey distillers to pay a new excise tax on spirits in 1794, & the subsequent gov't quashing of this rebellion, regarded as the first real test of the federal government's power to enforce laws.
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9th Amendment
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Part of the Bill of Rights. It addresses rights of the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.
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10th Amendment
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Part of the Bill of Rights. "The powers not delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the U.S., the Soviet Union, & Cuba during the Cold War. Photos taken by a U.S. spy plane revealed missile bases being built in Cuba, & ended 2 weeks later on Oct 28, 1962, when President J.F.K. & United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement w/ the Soviets to dismantle the missiles in Cuba in exchange for a no invasion agreement & a secret removal of the Jupiter & Thor missiles in Turkey.
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Gulf War
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Was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations[10] authorized by the United Nations (UN) and led primarily by the U.S. in order to return Kuwait to the control of the Emir of Kuwait.
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Feudalism
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A political & economic system of Europe from the 9th-15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee & the resulting relation of lord to vassal & characterized by homage, legal & military service of tenants, & forfeiture.
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fascism
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A system of gov't marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror & censorship, & typically a policy of belligerent nationalism & racism.
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Communism
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A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people.
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Margaret Thatcher
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Is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 & Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the first and to date only woman to hold either post.
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Franciscans:
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Replaced the Jesuits.
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RECOMMENDED
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Sutter's Fort
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Begun in 1839 & originally called "New Helvetia" (New Switzerland) by its builder, John Sutter, the fort was a 19th century agricultural & trade colony in California. Was the 1st non-Native American community in the CA Central Valley. The fort is famous for its association w/ the Donner Party, the CA Gold Rush & w/ establishment of Sacramento.
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James Beckwourth
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Born in Virginia in 1798 to Sir Beckwith, a descendant of Irish & English nobility, & an African-American mulatto woman about whom little is known. His life is best known from the book The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth from 1856. A valuable source of social history. The civil rights movement discovered Beckwourth as an early afro-american pioneer & he is named a role model in children's literature & textbooks.
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John Bidwell
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Was known throughout CA & across the nation as an important pioneer, farmer, soldier, statesman, politician, prohibitionist & philanthropist. He is famous for leading one of the 1st emigrant parties, known as the Bartleson-Bidwell Party, along the California Trail & for founding Chico, CA.
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California Trail
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Was a major overland emigrant route across the Western U.S. from Missouri to CA in the middle 19th century. It was used by 250,000 farmers & gold-seekers to reach the CA gold fields & farm homesteads in CA from the early 1840s.
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John C. Fremont
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Was an American military officer, explorer, the 1st candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the U.S., & the 1st presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.
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Pio Pico
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Was the last Mexican Governor of Alta California.
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Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
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Was a Californian military commander, politician, & rancher. He was born a subject of Spain, performed his military duties as an officer of Mexico, & shaped the transition of California from a Mexican district to an American state. Vallejo, a city in CA that he founded, is named for him.
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RECOMMENDED
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Louise Clapp
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During the Gold Rush, she wrote a series of letters to her sister. The letters where published in 1854 under the name Dame Shirley. In her letters Dame Shirley usually complained that the miners drank liquor, fought, & gambled & she once wrote that “similar (accidents) happened very often.”
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Biddy Mason
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She went to court to win her freedom from slavery, worked as a nurse & midwife, & became a founding entrepreneur & philanthropist of Los Angeles.
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Meriwether Lewis
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Was an American explorer, soldier, & public administrator, best known for his role as the leader of the Lewis & Clark Expedition also known as the Corps of Discovery, w/ William Clark, whose mission was to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase.
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William Clark
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Was an American explorer who, with Meriwether Lewis, led the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Headed by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, was the first American overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back.
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Zebulon Pike
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Was an American soldier & explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is named. His Pike expedition, often compared to the Lewis & Clark Expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase.
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Opportunity cost:
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What is lost when you choose one option over another. (Economics)
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RECOMMENDED
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Opportunity benefit:
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Is what is gained by making a particular choice. (Economics)
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RECOMMENDED
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Marginal benefit:
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The added benefit that one gets from increasing an activity by one unit. (Economics)
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RECOMMENDED
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Marginal cost:
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The added cost that one pays to increase an activity by one unit. (Economics)
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RECOMMENDED
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Monetary policy:
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The changing of the quantity of money in the economy in order to reduce unemployment, keep prices stable, and promote economic growth. (Economics).
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Microeconomics:
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The branch of economics that examines the choices of individuals concerning one product, one firm, or one industry. (Economics).
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Macroeconomics:
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That part of economics that examines the behavior of the whole economy. (Economics).
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RECOMMENDED
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Monetary Incentives:
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The purpose is to reward associates for excellent job performance through money. It includes profit sharing, project bonuses, stock options & warrants, scheduled bonuses (e.g., Christmas), & additional paid vacation time. (Economics).
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Non-Monetary Incentives:
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The purpose is to reward associates for excellent job performance through opportunities. Non-monetary incentives include flexible work hours, training, pleasant work environment. (Economics).
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RECOMMENDED
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Law of Supply:
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States that the quantity of goods supplied will be greater at a higher price than it will at a lower price. (Economics).
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RECOMMENDED
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Law of Demand:
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The quantity demanded of a good will be greater at lower prices than will be the quantity demanded at higher prices. (Economics).
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RECOMMENDED
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Fiscal policy:
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The changing of federal government spending and taxes in order to control the level of economic activity. (Economics).
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General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT):
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An agreement that gave broad international support to improving trade among countries. These 100 countries meet w/ each other to lower trade barriers. (Economics).
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Tariff:
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A tax on imports. (Economics).
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):
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A trade agreement established between the U.S., Canada, & Mexico to promote economic growth & prosperity for all 3 economies by eliminating barriers to free trade. (Economics).
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War of 1812
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Was fought between the U.S. & Great Britain and Ireland and its colonies. Britain imposed a series of trade restrictions that the U.S. contested as illegal under international law. The Americans declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812 for a combination of reasons.
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Monroe Doctrine
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Is a U.S. doctrine which, on Dec 1823, proclaimed that European powers would no longer interfere w/ the affairs of the newly independent nations. The U.S. planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers & their colonies. However, if these latter types of wars were to occur in the U.S., the U.S. would view such action as hostile.
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RECOMMENDED
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Who were the first four presidents of the U.S.?
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Washington, George
1789-97 Adams, John 1797-1801 Jefferson, Thomas 1801-09 Madison, James 1809-17 |
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Andrew Jackson
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He was a leading advocate of a policy known as Indian removal. After his election he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. The Act authorized the President to negotiate treaties to purchase tribal lands in the east in exchange for lands further west, outside of existing U.S. state borders. This resulted in the deaths of over 4k Cherokees on the "Trail of Tears."
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Jacksonian democracy
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This era saw a great increase of respect & power for the common man, as the electorate expanded to include all white male adult citizens, rather than only land owners in that group. Promoted the strength of the executive branch & the Presidency at the expense of Congressional power, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in gov't.
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Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the National Bank?
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Believed that the Bank concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength in a single institution, it served mainly to make the rich richer, & exercised too much control over members of Congress.
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Settlement of the Great Plains, resulted in:
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This settlement led to the near-extinction of the buffalo & the removal of the Native Americans to Indian reservations in the 1870s. Much of the Great Plains became open range, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle.
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Laura Ingalls Wilder:
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(1867 – 1957) was an American author, who wrote Little House series of children's books based on her childhood in a pioneer family. Her best-known book is Little House on the Prairie.
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Annie Bidwell
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(1839-1918), with her husband John B., was a pioneer & founder of society in the Sacramento Valley in the 19th century. She is also known for her contributions to social causes, such as women's suffrage, the temperance movement, & education.
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Who was the first state to offer women suffrage?
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Wyoming granted suffrage to women in 1869.
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The history of California Gold Rush:
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1848–1855) Gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, CA. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, & children coming to CA.
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The effects of the Gold Rush:
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San Francisco grew from a tiny hamlet of tents to a boomtown. A system of laws & a gov't were created, leading to the admission of CA as a state in 1850. New methods of transportation developed. Native Americans were attacked & pushed off traditional lands, ethnic tensions formed, & gold mining caused environmental harm.
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Progressive Era:
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Was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s. Opposed corruption, & seek change in regard to worker's rights.
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Los Angeles Aqueduct:
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Aqueduct was designed by William Mulholland to deliver water from the Owens River near Independence, CA, to the city of Los Angeles. Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city.
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Before advance mailing methods:
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In 1845, it took President James K. Polk 6 months to deliver a message to the Far West. Messages in those days had to travel around the tip of South America or across the isthmus of Panama.
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Pony Express:
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Was a fast mail service crossing the North American continent from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California from Apr. 1860 to Oct. 1861. Messages were carried on horseback relay across the prairies, plains, deserts, & mountains of the Western U.S.
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Western Union:
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In 1856, one of the founders was Cornell University, planned to signify the joining of telegraph lines from coast to coast.
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Dust Bowl:
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Also known as the "dirty thirties", was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological & agricultural damage to U.S. & Canadian prairie lands from 1930-1936, caused by severe drought coupled w/ decades of extensive farming without crop rotation or other techniques to prevent erosion.
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California requires what percentage of the states revenues to be spent on education?
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The public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires 40% of state revenues to be spent on education.
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Louis B. Meyer:
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was an early film producer, most famous for his stewardship & co-founding of the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He believed in "wholesome entertainment" & went to great lengths so that MGM had "more stars than there are in the heavens".
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RECOMMENDED
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John Steinbeck:
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Was 1 of the best-known & most widely read American writers of the 20th century. He wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939 & the novel Of Mice and Men, published in 1937.
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Ansel Adams:
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(1902 – 1984) was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West. His studio is the “Ansel Adams Gallery.”
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John Wayne:
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(1907 – 1979) was an Academy Award-winning American film actor. He is famous for his distinctive voice, walk and physical presence. He was also known for his conservative political views & his support in the 1950s for anti-communist positions.
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Indian rancherias;
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It was a community for Indians.
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John Quincy Adams views on slavery:
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He was a leading opponent of the Slave Power, arguing that if a civil war ever broke out the president could abolish slavery by using his war powers, a policy followed by Abraham Lincoln in the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863.
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John Brown:
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(1800 – 1859) was an American abolitionist who advocated & practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas & the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
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Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad:
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During the U.S. Civil War she escaped from captivity, she made 13 missions to rescue over 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.
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Theodore Weld:
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(1803 – 1895), was one of the leading architects of the American abolitionist movement during its formative years, from 1830 through 1844.
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William Lloyd Garrison:
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(1805 – 1879) was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts & was a prominent abolitionist, journalist, & social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, & as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
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the Missouri Compromise (1820)
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Was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the U.S. Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
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Created the territories of Kansas & Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, & allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery w/in those territories.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford
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Was a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the U.S. & held as slaves, or their descendants whether or not they were slaves—could never be citizens of the U.S., & that the U.S. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories.
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Andrew Carnegie
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Steel was where he found his fortune. While he paid his employees low wages, he later gave away most of his money to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities.
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Oligarchy
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Govn't by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt or selfish purposes.
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Important
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Equlibrium
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A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system.
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Mount Whitney
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The highest point in the US outside Alaska, rises to a majestic 14,495 feet above sea level in Sequoia National Park.
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Mount Shasta
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Volcanic origin inn Southeaster Siskiyou County
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What are California's two major mountain ranges?
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the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Ranges.
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What is the most productive agricultural are in CA?
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The Central Valley.
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The Central Valley is really two valleys in one:
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Int he south is the San Joaquin Valley and in the north is the Sacramento Valley
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What are the official CA State Flower?
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Is the Golden Poppy
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The Native Americans in CA are divided into 6 areas:
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1. Southern Culture Area
2. Central Culture Area 3. Northwest Culture Area 4. Northeast Culture Area 5. Great Basin 6. Colorado River |
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Southern Culture Area
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It has the great abundance of sea life, contained as many as two thousand residents each.
Among the many tribes in the area are the Kumeyaay (Diegueno) ,Cahuilla ,Tongva (Gabrielino) , & Chumash. |
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Central California Culture Area
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he climate was mild, and plant and animal life was abundant. Material-culture items, such as weapons and tools, were generally simple and unornamented, but in basketry the people of the central area exceeded all others in skill and accomplishment.
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Northwestern Culture Area
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Extended from CA to Alaska. Northwestern CA is an area w/ a bold & craggy coastline & dense woodlands of towering coast redwoods. Rainfall here is far greater. A family's social status was determined by its possession of conspicuous objects of wealth, such as woodpecker scalps, large obsidian blades, white deerskins, or strips of the tubular mollusk shells known as dentalia.
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Northeastern Culture Area
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food was often scarce and the people had to spend a large portion of their time hunting small game and gathering seeds and roots.
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Great Basin
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area of California included most of the lands along the present eastern border of the state and the eastern deserts of southern California. Food and even water are scarce in much of the area.
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Colorado River Culture Area
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Indians along the River supplemented their hunting and gathering activities w/ agriculture. They cultivated crops of corn, beans, & pumpkins in the fertile flood plains along the river. Include the Quechan (Yuma), Halchidhoma, and Mohave.
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CA tribe, Cahuilla:
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Whose homeland includes the northern Colorado Desert, practiced agriculture. In areas where H20 was scarce, they dug deep wells in the desert sand. Creating small pools.
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What was the staple throughout much of CA?
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The acorn, a nutritious food source that has a higher caloric content than wheat.
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In CA, hunting included?
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deer, antelope, elk, sheep, and bear--were present over more than half of the state. Fish were abundant in the many streams and rivers.
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What was the Indian population before European contact?
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According to the most reliable contemporary estimates, the indigenous population of CA was at least 300,000. This means that the Native population in CA before European contact was much greater than the average for other areas in what is now the U.S.
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CA Native Americans language
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The Indians of CA spoke perhaps as many as 100 diffn't languages. 70 percent of these sounded as different from each other as English & Cantonese. No area of comparable size in North America, or perhaps in the world, contained a greater variety of Native languages & cultures than did aboriginal California.
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What are the seven language classifications?
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Hokan, Penutian, Utian, Algic, Na-Dene, Uto-Aztecan, and Yukian.
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How did CA get its name?
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Explorers named the peninsula "California" after the mythical island in the novel.
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What sparked the biggest mass migration in the history of the world?
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the California Gold Rush
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Which famous fault line runs through California?
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San Andreas fault
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How much wine does California produce for America?
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90%
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What is the state tree of California?
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Redwood
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Major CA National Parks?
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Joshua Tree & Yosemite
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Which county in California is the largest county in the entire US?
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San Bernardino County
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John Muir
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1838-1914: an explorer, naturalist, & writer, he helped preserve many of CA's greatest scenic wonders, such as Yosemite Valley and Kings Canyon, now both national parks. He also founded the Sierra Club, a well-known San Francisco-based conservation group. Muir Woods National Monument, a redwood grove north of San Francisco, is named for him.
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Leland Stanford
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1824-93: This tycoon helped map out a route for the 1st transcontinental railroad, which linked CA to the East Coast in 1869. He also started Stanford University in Palo alto.
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How was Alta CA discovered?
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Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo decided to find the passage Strait of Anián. He left from new spain and stumble into San Diego. They were the 1st Europeans to land in CA and the 1st to describe CA Native Indians.
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Francis Drake
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Was hired by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish shipping & settlements in the Americas. He stole gold from Spanish ships. When he reached CA his ship started to deteriorate and had to land. He described the habitat of the native Americans & the their customs in CA.
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Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño:
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In charged by the viceroy of New Spain to explore the California coast for a safe harbor. He picked Monterey Bay as the perfect port.
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California was a colonial province of the Spanish empire during the years of?
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1769 to 1821
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Equal-time rule
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The equal-time rule specifies that U.S. radio and television broadcast stations must provide an equivalent opportunity to any opposing political candidates who might request it. This means, for example that if a station gives 1 free minute to a candidate on the prime time, it must do the same to another.
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Municipal Governemt
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Having local self-government. Local government.
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Legislative branch
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Is the area, where you are represented by an elected congress.
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2000 census
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The census is a count of everyone living in the United States every 10 years.
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immigration of 1965
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Abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place since the Immigration Act of 1924. Also, shifted the focus of immigration law from non-European countries to countries that were considered to be Third World.
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