Cset Science-Life Science

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Cell/Composed of....

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Fundamental unit of all living things. Composed of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. Water makes up most of cell.

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Cell Membrane

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Controls movement of materials into and out of cells. Semi-permiable. All cells have them.

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Cerebrum

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Occupies 80% of the brain's volume and is responsible for intelligence, memory, and thought.

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Cerebellum

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Controls balance and coordination. Located at the lower rear portion of the brain.

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Brain Stem

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Connects brain to spinal cord and is found at the lower central portion of the brain. Controls autonomic (involuntary) body functions and regulates hormones.

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Circulatory system

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1. Composed of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and lymph.
2. Moves nutrients and gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases, and stabilizes body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.

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Heart

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Four chambers. Upper chambers-atria; lower chambers ventricles.
Blood flows from the body to the 1. right atrium (through the superior vena cava) 2. right ventricle to the lungs, then to the 3. left atrium to the left ventricles and back to the body.
**Lower body receives blood through the inferior vena cava

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Blood Vessels

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Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

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Arteries

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Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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Veins

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Carry de-oxygenated blood to the heart.

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Caplillaries

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Connect arteries to veins.

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Cell wall

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Gives rigid structure to plant cells.
Cell walls are made of specialized sugars called cellulose. Cellulose provides a protected framework for a plant cell to survive.

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Chloroplast

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Contains chlorophyll, which enables green plants to make their own food. They absorb light and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for biomass production in all green plants and the animals that depend on them. Capture light, and are members of of a class of organelles known as plastids.

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Cytoplasm

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Living fluid of a cell.
Cytoplasm of plant cell contain plastids, bodies with chlorophyll that carry out photosynthesis.

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Mitochondria

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Liberates energy from glucose in cells for use in cellular activities.
The cellular power plant because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used as a source of chemical energy.
Signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, control of the cell cycle and growth.

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Nucleus

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Directs cell activities; Holds DNA (genetic material)
Chromosomes; found in Eukaryotic cells.

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Ribosome

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Makes proteins from amino acids.
They protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.

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Diffusion

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Flow of chemicals from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

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Photosynthesis

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The process by which chlorophyll-containing organisms convert light energy to chemical energy.
carbon dioxide + water + light==> glucose + oxygen
*Plants use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plus water, into simple sugars. The sugars are then used as building blocks and form the main structural component of the plant.

6CO2 + 6H2O ==> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Nervous System

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Has two divisions: Controls the actions and processes of the body. Includes the brain, spinal chord and nerves. Somatic and autonomic.

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Somatic

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Allowing voluntary control over skeletal muscles-caused by nerve impules arising in the brain, carried by cranial or spinal chord nerves connecting to skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic

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Involuntary , controlling cardiac and glandular functions-reflexes.

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Exteroceptors

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Pain, temperature, touch, vision, sound and pressure receptors. Responds to stimuli outside the body.

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Interoceptors

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Internal environment receptors.

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Proprioceptors

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Provide information for Movement, position, and tension receptors. Muscle and Joint

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Digestive System

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Receives and processes food. Includes the mouth, stomach, large intestine, and small intestine.

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Stomach

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Food is chemically broken down here-digestive enzymes break the food down into chemicals.

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Large Intestine

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Absorbs water from solid foods.

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Excretory system

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Eliminates wastes from the body. Includes the lungs, kidneys, bladder, large intestine, and rectum and skin.

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Ecology

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1. The study of the relationship between living things and their environment
2. Each living organism has an ongoing and continual relationship with every other element that makes up its environment.

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Plants/Which two phyla?

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Two Phyla. Bryophyta and Tracheophyta.

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Bryophytes

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Nonvascular plants and lack true roots and woody tissue. Moss, liverwarts, and multicellular algae.

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Tracheophytes

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Vascular plants-Filicinae, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

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Filicinae

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Ferns

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Gymnosperm

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Plants whose seeds form in cones; seeds are unprotected.
Spruce, Pines

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Angiosperms

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Seeds are protected by fruits or other structures. Grasses, apple tree

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Monocot seed

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Corn

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Dicot seed

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Peanut; A type of flowering plant characterized by embryos with 2 cotyledons (seed leaves, modified for food storage.

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Classification

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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
(Listed from largest grouping to smallest)
Kings play classical orders for great spectators.

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Community

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Group of populations that interact with each other.

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Niche

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Functional role of species in a community.

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Producers

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Green Plants

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Consumers

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Herbivores and carnivores

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Decomposers

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Fungi and Bacteria

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Nonliving (Abiotic)

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Components consisting of dead organic matter and nutrients in the soil and water.

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Competition

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When two populations try to fill the same niche

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Succession

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One population replaces another.

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Climax community

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A community in which succession no longer occurs-these communities are stable until catastrophic changes.

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Food web

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Energy moves from on organism to another creating a pattern of energy transfer.

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Evolution

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A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form

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James Watson and Francis Crick

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Discovered that genetic material is composed of two nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.

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Mitosis

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Process of cell reproduction through cell division; one cell divides to become two new cells-genetic material is copied
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase (line-up)
4. Anaphase (Divide)
5. Telophase (touchdown!! have 2 separated cells.)

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Egg and Sperm Cells

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23 Chromosomes

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Meiosis

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A reduction of chromosomes in a cell to 23. A type of cell division. Egg and sperm cells get 23 chromosomes through this process.
Occurs in Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and protists.)

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Heterozygous

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An individual with two different genes (Bb).
Mixed pair of alleles on homologous chromosomes for any given trait.

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Homozygous

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Individual with two similar genes (BB or bb).
Chromosomes bearing genes for the same characters.

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Gene

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Inside every cell of each living thing (plant or animal) are sets of instructions called genes. The genes provide the instructions on what is the plant or animal, what it looks like, how it is to survive, and how it will interact with its surrounding environment. The genes are strung together in long stands of material called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and these long strands are called chromosomes.

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Chromosome

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Rod shaped body; genes found in the cell nucleus. 23 pair or 46.

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Genotype

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Genetic makeup of an organism or the set of genes that it possesses. Dominant traits-capital letter; Recessive traits-small letters.

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Phenotype

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The outward visible appearance or expression of gene action.

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Hybrid

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1. The combination of two or more different things.
2. An offspring resulting from the cross between parents of different species or sub-species.

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Mutation

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A sudden appearance of a new trait or variation which is inherieted

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Fungi

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1. Lack true root systems ad leaves.
2. Molds, yeasts, mushrooms
3. Lack chlorophyll and are incapable of manufacturing food.
4. Either parasites or saprophytes (existing on waste products and decaying organisms).

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Lichen

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Two organisms-fungus and alga, living together symbiotically.

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Ferns

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Lack seeds and reproduce by means of spores-which may develop into a new plant without fertilization.

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Chlorophyll

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A green colored, magnesium containing pigment essential to photosynthesis.
he molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to synthesise carbohydrates from CO2 and water.

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Respiration

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The release of energy by oxidation of sugar.

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Centrosome

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Participates in cell division during Interphase. Located near the nucleus.

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Golgi bodies

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1. Involved in secretion.
2. It is another packaging organelle like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
3. Gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines).

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Vacuole

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Used in digestion. Storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination.

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Digestion

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Break down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed.
2. Body breaks down chemicals into smaller components that can be absorbed by the blood stream.
3. Carbs are converted to various sugars by the action of several enzymes, including ptyalin from saliva.
Fats are transformed to glycerol and fatty acids by the combined action of bile from the liver and the enzyme lipase from the pancreas.
5. Proteins are broken down to amino acids.
6. Sugars, glycerol, fatty acides, and amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream through the lining of the small intestine.

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Mouth

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Mechanical and chemical digestion begins here where food is chewed and mixed with saliva to break down starches.

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Small Intestine

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Majority of digestion and absorption occurs here. Absorbs nutrients from food.

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Pulmonary Circulation

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1. A loop through the lungs where blood is oxygenated.
2. The portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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Red Blood Cells

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Transport oxygen in combination with the iron pigment, hemoglobin.

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White Blood Cells

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Fight infection.

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Platelets

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Initiate the clotting necessary to stop bleeding after a wound.

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Plasma

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Nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes are dissolved here.
Nice Women Have Attention Easily

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Respiratory System

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1. Allows for gas exchange;
2. Includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.
3. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion, between the external environment and the blood.
4. Process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs.

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Sensory system

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Specialized structures that initiate a nerve impulse after being affected by the environment.
(Eyes)

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Eyes

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Light rays are refracted as they pass through the cornea, lens and vitreous body to focus on the retina where an image is formed. Optic nerve then carries impulses to the brain.

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Autotrophs

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Producers; produce usable energy using light from the sun.

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Heterotrophs

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Take in organic compounds from the environment.
Consumers in the food chain.

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Ecosystem

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Total of interacting living organisms and their non-living environment; focus on the movement of energy and matter through the system.

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Types of Ecosystems

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Forest, steppe, savanna, fresh water, marine.

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Population

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All members of a given species that live in a defined geographic area.

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Adaptation

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Favored by natural selection and increases fitness of its possessor.
Change in living organisms that allows them to live successfully in an environment.

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Structural Adaptation

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Special body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat.
Hooked beak for birds. Shell for snails.

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Behavioral Adaptation

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Ways organisms behaves in order to survive.

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Physiological Adaptations

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Allow organism to perform certain biochemical reactions-making venom.

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Food Chains

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1. Trophic social networks
2. Describe eating relationships between species within an ecosystem.
3. Allows the flow of energy from one organism to the next
4. Producers (plants)>Primary Consumers (Plant eaters)>Secondary Consumers (Carnivores)>Tertiary Consumers (feed on smaller primary and secondary consumers)>Decomposers (bacteria and fungi)

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Food Pyramids

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The base of the pyramid are producers and supports all of the other levels of the pyramid.
At each succeeding level of the pyramid, there is a decrease in available energy.

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Metamorphosis

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Change in physical appearance an organism can go through between birth and adulthood.

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Life Cycle of a Frog

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1. Eggs
2. Egg hatches and it is tadpoles
3. Frogs undergo metamorphosis and transition into adult form-develop hind legs, lose gills, develop lungs
4. Disperse into habitat.

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Butterfly Cycle

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1. Egg laid on plant
2. Larva, known as caterpillar (feeding stage).
3. Pupa (chrysalis) or cocoon stage.
4. Adult butterfly (imago) stage.

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Anther

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Produces male gametophytes. Sperm is produced in pollen grains, which attach to the stigma. Contain pollen sacs. The sacs release pollen on to the outside of the anthers that brush against insects on entering the flowers. The pollen once deposited on the insect is transferred to the stigma of another flower or the same flower. The ovule is then able to be fertilized.

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Stigma

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On top of carpel, in which the female gametophytes are located. It is covered with a sticky substance that the pollen grains will attach to.

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Asexual Reproduction

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Reproduction that does not involve meiosis or fertilization.
Bacteria, protists, and archaea.

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Natural Selection

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Favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations.
Term introduced by Charles Darwin.
Mechanism by which evolution may take place within a given population of organisms.

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Charles Darwin and The theory of Evolution

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1. Survival of the fittest
2. Natural Selection
3. Evolution of species over time
4. Genetic variation through geographic isolation.
Natural Selection; No 2 organisms are exactly alike; traits are inherited from the parents to offspring and not acquired.

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Fossil Record

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The collective accumulation of artifacts which have been fossilized all over the world. When viewed as a whole, the fossil record can provide interesting information about the evolution of life on Earth, with examples of organisms ranging from ancient ginkgo trees to stromatolites.
**Can more specifically pinpoint when and in what organism branching occurred in the tree of life.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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1. The ER functions as a packaging system.
2. It does not work alone. The ER works closely with the Golgi apparatus, ribososmes, RNA, mRNA, and tRNA.
3. Synthesis and transport of material, protein synthesis.

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Petal

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Used to attract insects into the flower.

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Style

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Raises the stigma away from the Ovary to decrease the likelihood of pollen contamination.

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Ovary (In a flower)

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Protects the ovule and once fertilization has taken place it will become the fruit.

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Ovule (Flower)

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Once fertilization has taken place, it will become the seed.

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Carpel

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Stigma, style, ovary, and ovule-female parts of the flower.

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Stamen

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Filament and Anthers (male parts of the plant.)

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Flower Reproduction

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1. Pollen grain lands on stigma.
2. Pollen tubes grow down through style to ovary.
3. Fertilization with ovule.
4. Seed develops from the ovule and embryo sac.
5. Fruit develops from the ovary wall.

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Fossil Fuels

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Formed over hundreds of millions of years ago by decomposing plants. After a long period of time, layers and layers of rock, mud, and sand covered the dead plants thousands of feet under the earth, which fossilized them.
1. Oil
2. Natural Gas
3. Coal

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Oil

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Oil and natural gas were formed the same way, but coal was formed a slightly different way. The first two were formed by organisms - plankton and plants mostly - that lived in fresh water and they were buried under rivers and oceans. After a long period of time the water receded back. The pressure and bacteria combined to make oil and natural gas. Oil and natural gas started to rise up from under ground but then it stopped, because of caprock, really hard rock that these two cannot move through. The caprock holds them back so that they cannot spill to the surface.

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Natural Gas

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Formed the same way as oil

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Coal

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It was created by dead remains of trees, ferns and other plants that lived 300 to 400 millions of years ago. Coal was found in swamps covered by seawater. Since the sea has a lot of sulfur it stayed behind in the coal, when the water receded. Unless it is removed when it is being burned, the sulfur goes into our air when the coal is burned, In some parts of the world there were freshwater swamps, coal from here has less sulfur and is much cleaner then the other swamps.

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Carbon Cycle

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1. Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants. (Through photosynthesis)
2. Carbon moves from plants to animals.
3. Carbon moves from plants and animals to the ground.
4. Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere.
5. Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned.
6. Carbon moves from the atmosphere to the oceans.

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Symbiosis

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living together

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Mutalism

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(symbiosis in a strict sense): Advantages for both partners.

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Commensualism

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One partner living on the other with no obvious effect on the second

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Parasitism

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One partner living on the other with detrimental effect on the second.