Csd 803 Midterm

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Types of research articles

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primary
secondary
tertiary

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Four views of science

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-publicly verifiable knowledge
-knowledge creation
-treatment of empirically soluble problems
-attempt to find the strongest, unambiguous evidence supporting a view

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ways of knowing

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authority, tenacity, superstition, intuition,a priori method, rationalism, empiricism

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Authority

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Believing something because someone perceived to be an authority said it was so

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Tenacity

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Believing something because "it's always been that way"

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Superstition

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Believing something based on things that you can't directly observe

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Intuition

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Believing something based on feelings

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a priori method

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believing something based on a premise which is without evidence and believed to be true, then using reasoning to go forward.

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rationalism

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believing something based on rational logic (deductive/inductive reasoning)

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empiricism

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Believing something based on observable evidence

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inductive reasoning

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gathering of observations and hypotheses into a unifying whole

specific examples to general cases

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Deductive reasoning

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application of generalizations to specific circumstances

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2 safeguards in human subject research

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-confidentiality
-informed consent

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informed consent must state:

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risk of harm or discomfort
benefits, including pay or reimbursement

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if deception is allowed what additional safeguards must be employed

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increased IRB scrutiny
debriefing at the end and explaining true nature of study

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Reliability

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measure of consistency of data collected using the same methodology on more than one occasion; across different related test items; by different individuals

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Validity

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property of data, concepts or research findings whereby they are useful for measuring or understanding phenomena

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variable

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something that varies

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independent variable

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related to conditions in an experiment or study suspected to cause a change in behavior

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dependent variable

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variable related to the behavior that may be changed

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active variable

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variable that can be manipulated by the experimenter

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attribute

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variable that can't be manipulated or changed by the experimenter

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manipulated variable

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independent variables are directly controlled by the experimenter

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Non-manipulated

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independent variables cannont be directly controlled or manipulated by the experimenter because to do so is UNETHICAL, IMPRACTICAL, OR IMPOSSIBLE

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extraneous variable

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variable which potentially confuses the picture of a cause-effect relationship, if left uncontrolled

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confound

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variable which has confused the picture of cause-effect relationship because it was left uncontrolled and presents an alternative explanation for findings

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Bivalent

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study has 1 IV with 2 levels

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Multivalent

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study has 1 IV with 3+ levels

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parametric

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study has 2 or more IV's

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Between subjects IV

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different individuals are in different levels of the IV

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within-subjects IV

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same individuals are in all levels of the IV

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essentialism

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idea that the only good theories are those that give ultimate explanations of phenomena

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operationism

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idea that concepts in scientific theories must in some way be grounded in, or linked to, observable

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operational definition

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a def which turns an abstract concept into an empirical observation

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construct

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an abstract idea constructed by the researcher to explain observed events