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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cerebrum is the __________ part of the brain and is divided into ____ ___________ (right & left). It contains _________ and ________ (if very deep, called fissures). The ______________ fissure lies between the left and right.
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largest
two hemispheres gyri sucli longitudinal |
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In the cerebral cortex, _______ _________ covers the surface and _________ _________ lies below the _______ __________.
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grey matter
white matter grey matter |
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Grey matter: ______ _______ and __________ appear grey, therefore _________ and __________ are called grey matter.
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cell bodies
dendrites ganglia nuclei |
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White matter: The _________ _________ that covers tracts in the _______ and nerves in the ______ makes them appear white.
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myelin sheath
CNS PNS |
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The corpus callosum is the ________ _________ in the brain; it __________ the two _____________. It allows _____ to move between ___________.
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largest tract
connects hemispheres info hemispheres |
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Each cerebral hemisphere also contains a large CSF-filled __________ (the _______ ___________)
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ventricle
lateral ventricles |
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There are a total of ___ ventricles in the brain. They are all _________. The CSF in the ventricles is also ____________ with that in the _______________ space through three ____________ in the roof of the _______ ventricle.
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4
connected continuous subarachnoid openings fourth |
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What part of the cerebrum contains motor areas?
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the frontal lobe
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Name the five landmarks of the frontal lobe.
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central sulcus
lateral sulcus precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) premotor cortex Broca's area |
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What part of the cerebrum contains somatosensory areas?
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the parietal lobe
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What is the main landmark of the parietal lobe?
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postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
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Which part of the cerebrum contains auditory areas?
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temporal lobe
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Name the two major landmarks in the temporal lobe.
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primary auditory cortex
wernicke's area |
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Damage in Wernicke's area (in the ___________ lobe) results in difficulty with _________ ____________. Speech is often ________ but _________.
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temporal
language comprehension fluent empty |
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Which part of the cerebrum contains visual areas?
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occipital lobe
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Name the 2 major landmarks of the occipital lobe.
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primary visual cortex
visual association cortex |
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This plans and initiates the motor movement for the contralateral side of the body.
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cerebral cortex
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List the areas of the cerebral cortex that plan and initiate movement for the contralateral side of the body.
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primary motor cortex
premotor cortex prefrontal cortex primary sensory cortex association areas |
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In 1909, Korbinian Broadmann published the detailed results of his _________________ analysis of a single _________ __________. He divided the cortex into _____ regions.
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cytoarchitectonic
human brain 47 |
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Many of Broadmann's designations have been borne out as ___________ __________ regions as ___________ of the _________ has accumulated. Thus, his areas continue to serve as a __________ point for discussion of __________ _________.
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functionally distinct
knowledge cortex reference cortical anatomy |
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List the subdivisions of the motor association areas.
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premotor cortex
supplementary motor cortex motor speech cortex |
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Which lobe is primarily concerned with perception of somatic sensation and interpretation of sensory experience?
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parietal lobe
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The parietal lobe is also concerned with ____________ orientation, __________ and __________. It also plays a role in _________ __________.
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spacial
memory cognition motor movement |
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Damage in the posterior right hemisphere of the parietal lobe often results in what?
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hemispatial neglect
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Which lobe contains the postcentral gyrus?
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parietal lobe
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The postcentral gyrus is also the __________ ___________ ___________.
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primary sensory cortex
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What receives sensory information of touch, pain, temperature and proprioception from contralateral body and face?
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postcentral gyrus/primary sensory cortex
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Many pyramidal fibers originate where?
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primary sensory cortex
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The sensory association cortex (BA 5, 7) is just ___________ to the postcentral gyrus. _______________________ are brought to ____________ (analyzed/interpreted). It plays a role in _________ movement and object ____________.
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posterior
somatosensations awareness voluntary manipulation |
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Together, what areas play a role in reading, writing, and calculation?
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supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus |
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Name the three prominent gyri in the temporal lobe.
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superior
middle inferior |
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The superior gyri of the temporal lobe runs _________ to the ________ sulcus.
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parallel
lateral |
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Which cortex perceives projections from both areas?
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primary auditory cortex
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Which cortex processes auditory information?
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auditory association cortex
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Damage to the auditory association cortex results in what?
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difficulty locating sounds in contralateral space
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Where is Wernicke's area located?
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posterior superior portion of the superior temporal gyrus
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Wernicke's area is important for what?
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comprehension of spoken word and verbal memory
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A lesion in Wernicke's area (in conjunction with related cortical areas) would produce what?
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receptive aphasia
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Wernicke's area is functional in _________ (usually left) _________ only
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dominant
left |
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In the occipital lobe, what receives visual information from the contralateral visual field and detects visual stimuli?
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primary visual cortex
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What area in the occipital lobe contributes to complex visual analysis?
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visual association area
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What is the largest of the brain's structures?
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frontal lobe
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What lobe is involved in decision making, planning, problem-solving, thinking, voluntary motor control, cognition, and intelligence?
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frontal lobe
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The frontal lobe is the site of _________ __________ _________, ie ___________ ___________
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higher cognitive functions
executive functioning |
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The precentral gyrus is also what?
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primary motor cortex
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The precentral gyrus is organized _____________ into ____________ for __________ movement. It receives input from ___________, ______ ______, ___________ and other cortical motor areas.
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topographically
homunculus contralateral thalamus basal ganglia cerebellum |
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What gives rise to 25-30% of pyramidal tract fibers (all but 2% going to upper limbs and cranial nerves)?
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precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex
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What is involved in initiation of motor movement?
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precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex
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Where are skilled movements planned for hand, fingers, and speech?
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premotor cortex
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The premotor cortex appears to use __________ information to organize and guide ______ behavior.
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sensory
motor |
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The premotor cortex is involved in what 5 things through connections to what 4 places?
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planning, initiation, maintenance, inhibition, learning complex movements
primary motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, sensory cortex |
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Where do 30% of the pyramidal fibers originate?
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premotor cortex
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The supplementary motor area is located on the ________ portion of the ________ cortex. It plays a role in ___________ and ________________ sequential ___________ movements. It is thought to play a role in initiating ________. Damage here can cause ________ or reduced _________ _______.
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superior
premotor preparing executing voluntary speech mutism spontaneous speech |
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Broca's area is __________ and found in the __________ hemisphere which is ______ for most people. It lies in the _______ portion of the __________ cortex. Motor movements for ________ are planned here - also _________ _____________.
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unilateral
dominant left lower premotor speech written language |
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A lesion in Broca's area in conjunction with extended cortical areas would produce what?
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expressive aphasia
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A lesion just in Broca's area alone would produce what?
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apraxia
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What area in the frontal lobe has significant contribution to cognitive functions such as reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, problem solving, judgment, executive functions, and behavior?
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prefrontal cortex
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The prefrontal cortex contributes to personality and damage can lead to what?
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irritability
impulsivity short temper |
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Which area of the association cortex is involved in recognition of complex stimuli, integrating auditory stimuli with other areas of the brain, and forming memories?
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temporal association area
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Which association area is involved in initiation and planning of volitional movements?
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frontal association area
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What association cortex assists in control of visually guided movements?
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parietal association area
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Which association area analyzes visual impulses and assists in control of visually guided movements?
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visual association area
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What are masses of gray matter in the depth of each cerebral hemisphere?
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basal ganglia
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The overall function of the basal ganglia is to regulate _______ ________ and ________ _______, also coordinates ________, balance, __________, and plays a role in ________ and ________ processing.
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motor functions
muscle tone posture locomotion cognitive emotional |
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List the five subcortical structures of the basal ganglia.
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caudate nucleus
putamen globus pallidus claustrum amygdaloid nucleus |
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Which 3 subcortical structures are involved in motor regulation?
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caudate nucleus
putamen globus pallidus |
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Which subcortical structure receives input from almost all regions of the cortex and projects back to almost all regions of the cortex? Presumably also involved in regulation of movement.
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claustrum
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Which subcortical structure is considered a part of the olfactory and limbic systems and plays a role in the sense of smell, motivation, and emotional behavior?
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amygdaloid nucleus
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Name an additional subcortical structure that influences the basal ganglia.
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substantia nigra - produces dopamine
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What is responsible for our drives, emotions, and memory?
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hippocampus
amygdala-limbic structures |
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Impairments in the basal ganglia yield?
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hyperkinetic disorders
hypokinetic disorders |
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Huntington's chorea is an example of what kind of disorder?
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hyperkinetic
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Parkinson's disease is an example of what kind of disorder?
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hypokinetic
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Both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic disorders are associated with what motor-speech and swallowing impairments?
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dysarthria
dysphagias |
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What serves higher level functions, sensorimotor integration, relates perceptions with experiences?
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cerebrum
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What subcortical nuclei regulates motor movements and muscle tone?
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basal ganglia
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This is the processing center of the cerebral cortex. It coordinates and regulates all functional activity of the cortex via the integration of the afferent (sensory) input to the cortex (except olfaction). It contributes to affectual expression.
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thalamus
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This is the integration center of the autonomic nervous system: regulation of body temperature and endocrine function. Also involved in integration of memory. The pleasure center is located here. It also regulates appetite.
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hypothalamus
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Which part of the thalamus is involved with parasympathetic activity (maintenance function)?
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anterior hypothalamus
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Which part of the thalamus is involved with sympathetic activity (fight or flight stress response)?
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posterior hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus has projections FROM and TO _________, _________, and __________ areas as well as to the brainstem and spinal cord.
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cortical
visual limbic |
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This contributes to equilibrium and coordination of motor activity, but doesn't initiate motor activity.
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cerebellum
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The spinal cord ________ the body with the ________ and ___________ reflexes.
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links
CNS regulates |
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This portion of the brain stem contains cranial nerve nuclei, regulates respiration, phonation, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
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medulla oblongata
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This portion of the brain stem contains cranial nerve nuclei and sensory motor regulating fibers.
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pons
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This portion of the brain stem mediates auditory and visual reflexes, regulates cortical arousal, and contains cranial nerve nuclei.
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midbrain
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What are the four major divisions of the motor system?
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1. The final common pathway
2. The direct activation pathway 3. The indirect activation pathway 4. The control circuits |
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What is final about the final common pathway?
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it is the last portion of all motor pathways
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What is common about the final common pathway?
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all motor circuits must act through it to contract muscle
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The final common pathway consists of what?
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LMNs projecting to muscle fibers
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The final common pathway is controlled by what?
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upper motor neurons
(UMNs = all MNs that aren't LMNs) |
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Partial damage to the final common pathway causes ________ or ________ (partial paralysis). Compressed or irritated motor axons can fire _____________, resulting in visible __________ called ____________.
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weakness
paresis spontaneously twitches fasciculations |
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Damage of the final common pathway yields _____________. Total damage - muscle fibers begin to spontaneously _________ after several days of _______________. This is called _______________ (not the same as fasciculation).
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flaccidity
contract denervation fibrillation |
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In damage to the final common pathway, muscle wasting (_________) begins after __________ __________ of denervation. Result is __________ ____________ on the _____________ side of the lesion.
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atrophy
several weeks total paralysis ipsilateral |
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Damage in the final common pathway is responsible for the speech characteristics of what?
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flaccid dysarthria
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Which cranial nerves control voice and articulation?
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5, 7, 9, 10, 12
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Respiratory support is controlled by __________ _________. Inhalation - mainly _________. Also external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and pectoralis major. ___, ___, and ___ keep the __________ alive.
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spinal nerves
diaphragm C3, C4, C5 diaphragm |
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Forced exhalation is mainly ___________ and __________ intercostal muscles. A weak respiratory system can affect ________ production, __________, phrase __________, and ____________.
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abdominal
internal voice loudness length prosody |
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The direct activation pathway is comprised of _______ meaning _________ and ____________ tracts.
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UMNs
corticospinal corticobulbar |
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The direct activation pathway is also known as what? Why?
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pyramidal motor system
It forms the pyramidal tracts It originates from large pyramidal shaped motor neurons |
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What is direct about the direct activation pathway?
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it directly controls the LMNs
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Where does the direct activation pathway originate?
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from both the motor strip and the premotor regions in the frontal lobe
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The direct activation pathway forms a _________ _________ for most motor systems ________ the _________.
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crossed projection
below head |
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Voice and speech musculature are mostly ___________ controlled by ______. Exceptions - _____________ muscles (_________), lower _______ muscles (from about the _______ down.
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bilaterally
UMNs hypoglossal tongue facial cheek |
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What does damage to corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts cause?
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spasticity
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Damage to corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts causes loss or reduction in _________ _________ __________. Unilateral damage generally affects __________ more than ________, and ________ more than __________ (due to bilateral projections from the motor cortex).
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voluntary skilled movements
articulation voice voice resonance |
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Remember, the hypoglossal nerve doesn't _________ _________ ____________.
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receive bilateral innervation
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Speech muscular generally presents with __________ or ___________ of movements with preservation of __________ _______ (where ________ innervation).
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weakness
discoordination muscle mass bilateral |
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Motor cortex projections onto the _____ _________ and reticular formation are both ___________ and ___________.
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red nucleus
inhibatory excitatory |
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Loss of inhibition causes _________________, i.e. spasticity, clonus, hyperactive stretch reflexes, increased muscle tone, and decorticate or decerebrate posture.
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hyperexcitability
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What are the major circuits of the control circuits?
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basal ganglia and cerebellar control circuits
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Control circuits do not have contact with the ________.
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LMNs
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What five structures are closely related to basal ganglia function?
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caudate nucleus
putamen globus pallidus substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus |
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The major efferent pathway of the basal ganglia is through the _________ ___________. It projects to the _________ and then to the ________.
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globus pallidus
thalamus cortex |
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The basal ganglia also projects to the ___________ nucleus, the ____ nucleus, and the _________ ___________. Complex circuitry forms _________ __________.
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subthalamic
red reticular formation multiple loops |
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Basal ganglia guides __________ _________ mostly through __________. It regulates ___________, __________, and initiation of movements. ____________ is particularly important in motor ___________.
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motor patterns
inhibition amplitude velocity dopamine initiation |
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Damage to the basal ganglia can yield _____ (and seemingly ________) deficits: ____________ (reduced mobility) and ________________ (involuntary movements).
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mixed
conflicting hypokinesia hyperkinesia (athetosis, ballism, chorea, tremor) |
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What is the impact of basal ganglia damage on speech?
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hypokinetic or hyperkinetic dysarthria
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Cerebellar control circuits compare ________-________ motor _______ with motor _________. It directs both current and future motor programs to _______ motor output and goal; this relies heavily on _____________ feedback.
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verbal-vocal
intent execution patch proprioceptive |
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What are the effects of damage to the cerebellar motor circuits?
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intention tremor
incoordination limb ataxia hypotonia ataxic gate |
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How is damage to the cerebellar motor circuits relevant to speech?
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ataxic dysarthria
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