Cscs Test Prep Chapter 2

Front 1

Bioenergetics

Back 1

Flow of energy in a Biological system

Concern Primarily the conversion of MacroNutrients
- CHO
- PRO
- FAT

Front 2

Energy

Back 2

Ability/Capacity to perform work

Front 3

Catabolism

Back 3

The breakdown of Large molecules into Smaller molecules

Associated with the Release of Energy

Front 4

Anabolism

Back 4

The Synthesis of Larger molecules from Smaller molecules from E+

Front 5

Exergonic Reaction

Back 5

Energy Releasing Reactions

Generally Catabolic

Front 6

Endergonic Reaction

Back 6

Require Energy

Include Anabolic Processes

Contraction of Muscles

Front 7

Metabolism

Back 7

The total of all the Catabolic (Exergonic) and Anabolic (Endergonic) Reactions in a biological system

Front 8

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 8

ATP allows the transfer of Energy from Exergon to Endergon Reactions

Front 9

Hydrolysis

Back 9

The breakdown of one Molecule of ATP to yield energy

B/C it requires one Molecule of H2O

Front 10

Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase)

Back 10

The enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis

Front 11

Myosin ATPase

Back 11

Specifically, the enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for Cross-Bridge Recycling

Front 12

Calcium ATPase

Back 12

Enzyme for ATP Hydro

For Pumping Ca back into the SR

Front 13

Sodium-Potassium ATPase

Back 13

Enzyme for ATP Hydro

For Maintaining the Sarcolemmal concentration gradient Post-Depol

Front 14

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Back 14

Byproduct of Hydro of ATP

Only two Phosphate Groups

Front 15

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

Back 15

Byproduct of Hydro of ADP

Front 16

Anaerobic

Back 16

Processes that do not require the presence of O2

Front 17

Aerobic

Back 17

Mechanisms that depend on O2

Front 18

3 Systems of ATP Replenishment

Back 18

Phosphagen

Glycolytic

Oxidative

Front 19

Phosphagen System

Back 19

Provides ATP primarily for:
- Short-Term
- High Intensity
Activities

Also, it's the reactive Start of ALL exercise regardless of intensity

Front 20

Creatine Phosphate (CP) / Phosphocreatine (PCr)

Back 20

High energy phosphate molecules used for E+ reproduction in the Phosphagen system

Front 21

Creatine Kinase

Back 21

The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP

Front 22

Adenylate Kinase (aka Myokinase) Reaction

Back 22

An important Single-Enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP

Front 23

Type II Muscles and CP

Back 23

Type II muscles have higher concentrations of CP

Front 24

Law of Mass Action (aka Mass Action Effect)

Back 24

Phosphagen system control

States:
- Concentrations of Reactants/Products (or both), in a solution, will Drive the Direction of the Reactions.

Front 25

Near-Equilibrium Reactions

Back 25

Slow Steady, equal Reaction

Proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the Reactants due to the Law of Mass Action

Front 26

Glycolysis

Back 26

The breakdown of CHO

Either Glycogen stored in muscles
or
Glucose delivered in the Blood

To Resynthesize ATP

Front 27

Pyruvate

Back 27

The end result of Glycolysis

Can be converted to Lactate or Shuttled to Mitochondria

Front 28

Anaerobic Glycolysis (Fast Glycolysis)

Back 28

When Pyruvate is converted to lactate
- ATP Resynthesis occurs at a faster rate
- Limited duration

Front 29

Aerobic Glycolysis (Slow Glycolysis)

Back 29

When Pyruvate is shuttled into the Mitochondria for Krebs Cycle
- ATP Resynthesis rate is slower
- Occurs for Longer Duration during low intensity exercise

Front 30

Lactate

Back 30

Pyruvate is converted into lactate to be mobilized throughout the body

Front 31

Creatine Kinase

Back 31

The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP

Front 32

Adenylate Kinase (aka Myokinase) Reaction

Back 32

An important Single-Enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP

Front 33

Type II Muscles and CP

Back 33

Type II muscles have higher concentrations of CP

Front 34

Law of Mass Action (aka Mass Action Effect)

Back 34

Phosphagen system control

States:
- Concentrations of Reactants/Products (or both), in a solution, will Drive the Direction of the Reactions.

Front 35

Near-Equilibrium Reactions

Back 35

Slow Steady, equal Reaction

Proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the Reactants due to the Law of Mass Action

Front 36

Glycolysis

Back 36

The breakdown of CHO

Either Glycogen stored in muscles
or
Glucose delivered in the Blood

To Resynthesize ATP

Front 37

Pyruvate

Back 37

The end result of Glycolysis

Can be converted to Lactate or Shuttled to Mitochondria

Front 38

Anaerobic Glycolysis (Fast Glycolysis)

Back 38

When Pyruvate is converted to lactate
- ATP Resynthesis occurs at a faster rate
- Limited duration

Front 39

Aerobic Glycolysis (Slow Glycolysis)

Back 39

When Pyruvate is shuttled into the Mitochondria for Krebs Cycle
- ATP Resynthesis rate is slower
- Occurs for Longer Duration during low intensity exercise

Front 40

Lactate

Back 40

Pyruvate is converted into lactate to be mobilized throughout the body

Front 41

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 41

The process of an Exercise-Induced Decrease in pH

Inhibits the enzymatic turnover rate of cell's E+ systems

Front 42

Wet Muscle

Back 42

Muscle that has not been Desiccated

Front 43

Cori Cycle

Back 43

Process of transporting Lactate in the blood to the liver
>
Then converted to Glucose

Front 44

Mitochondria

Back 44

Specialized cellular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur

Front 45

Reduced

Back 45

Refers to the addition of Hydrogen

Front 46

Phosphorylation

Back 46

The process of adding an inorganic Phosphate (Pi) to another Molecule

Front 47

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 47

The resynthesis of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain

Front 48

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Back 48

The direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the Metabolic Pathways

Front 49

Allosteric Inhibition

Back 49

When an end Product Binds to the Regulation Enzyme
- Decreases turnover rate
- Slows production formation

Front 50

Allosteric Activation

Back 50

When an "Activator" binds with the enzyme and
- Increases its turnover rate

Front 51

Rate-Limiting Step

Back 51

The slowest step of a chemical reaction
- Limits and controls rate of reaction

Front 52

Lactate Threshold (LT)

Back 52

Intensity at which Blood Lactate
- Begins an Abrupt increase above baseline
- Marker of Anaerobic Threshold

Front 53

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)

Back 53

When the concentration of Blood Lactate reaches:
- 4 mmol/L
- During very Intense exercise
- Second increase of Lactate accumulation after LT

Front 54

Oxidative System

Back 54

The primary source of ATP at:
- Rest
- Low Intensity Exercise

Uses Primarily:
- CHO
- FAT

Front 55

Krebs Cycle

Back 55

A series of reactions that
- Continues to Oxidate the substrate from Glycolysis
- Produces two ATP

Front 56

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Back 56

The process of creating ATP from:
- ADP
- NADH
- FADH2

Front 57

Cytochromes

Back 57

Electron carriers in the Electron Transport Chain

Front 58

Beta Oxidation

Back 58

A series of reactions in which Free Fatty Acids are
- Broken Down
- Creates Acetyl-CoA and H-

Front 59

Total ATP Yield from Oxidation of ONE Glucose Molecule

Back 59

40

Front 60

Gluconeogenesis

Back 60

The process of converting Amino Acids into Glucose

Front 61

Branched Chain Amino Acids

Back 61

-Leucine
-Isoleucine
-Valine

Major amino acids that are oxidized in Skeletal Muscle

Front 62

Total E+ Yield from Oxidation of ONE Triglyceride

Back 62

463

Front 63

Exercise Intensity

Back 63

The Level of Muscular Activity that can be quantified in terms of Power Output

Front 64

Power

Back 64

Work performed per:
- Unit of Time

Front 65

Relationship of Energy Systems

Back 65

Inverse Relationship between:
- Energy System's max rate of ATP production
- Total amount of ATP production capable

Front 66

E+ System for 0-6 seconds
(Intensity: Extremely High)

Back 66

Phosphagen

Front 67

E+ System for 6-30 seconds
(Intensity: Very High)

Back 67

Phosphagen/Fast Glycolysis

Front 68

E+ System for 30 secs - 2 mins
(Intensity: High)

Back 68

Fast Glycolysis

Front 69

E+ System for 2-3 minutes
(Intensity: Moderate)

Back 69

Fast Glycolysis/Oxidative System

Front 70

E+ System for >3 minutes
(Intensity: Low)

Back 70

Oxidative System

Front 71

Energy Substrates

Back 71

Molecules that provide starting materials for:
- Bioenergetic Reactions
- Includes Phosphagens (ATP/CrP), Glucose, Glycogen, Lactate, Free Fatty Acids, Amino Acids

Front 72

Time for Post-Ex Phosphagen Replenishment

Back 72

3-5 mins

Front 73

Glycogenolysis

Back 73

Breakdown of Glycogen

Front 74

Oxygen Uptake (O2 Consumption)

Back 74

The measure of a person's ability to:
- Take in/Use Oxygen

Front 75

Oxygen Deficit

Back 75

The Anaerobic Contribution to the:
- Total E+ Cost of Exercise

Front 76

Oxygen Debt

Back 76

Post-Exercise Oxygen Uptake

Front 77

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Back 77

The Oxygen Uptake:
- Above Resting Values
- Used to restore the body to pre exercise conditions

Factors:
- ATP REsynthesis
- O2 resaturation
- Repair Damage
- Increased body temperature

Front 78

Metabolic Specificity of Training

Back 78

The use of Appropriate:
- Ex. Intensities
- Rest Intervals
- Ex. Selection
based on the specific Energy Systems used during competition

Front 79

Interval Training

Back 79

A method of training that emphasis:
- Bioenergetic Adaptations
- For more efficient energy transfer
- Within Metabolic pathway
- Using Pre-Determined Intervals of Exercise and Rest Periods

Front 80

Combination Training (Cross-Training)

Back 80

Adding Endurance Training to Anaerobic Athletes training to:
- Enhance Recovery
- Due to recovery being Aerobic

*Aerobic Endurance training WILL REDUCE ANAEROBIC TRAINING*
* Especially:
- High Strength
- High Power

Front 81

Exercise-to-Rest Intervals

Back 81

Phosphagen:
5-10 secs (1:12 - 1:20)

Fast Glycol:
15-30 secs (1:3 - 1:5)

Fast Glycol/Oxid
1-3 mins (1:3 - 1:4)

Oxidative
>3 mins (1:1 - 1:3)