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101 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Epimysium

Fibrous connective that covers all muscles
Tendon
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Bone Periosteum
Outer part of bone

Where muscle tendon attaches to the bone
Proximal
Closer to the Trunk
Distal
Farther from the Trunk
Superior
Closer to the head
Inferior
Closer to the feet
Origin
Proximal (towards the center) attachment of a muscle
Insertion
Distal (away from center) attachment of a muscle
Muscle Fibers
Muscle Cells

Muscle cells running the length of the entire muscle
- cylindrical cells
- multi nuclei
Fasciculi
Muscle fiber bundles or groups
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding fasciuli
Endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
Muscle fiber's cell membrane
Motor Neuron
Nerve Cell that innervates a muscle fiber
Neuromuscular Junction
Junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber
Motor Unit
A Motor Neuron and the Muscle Fibers it innervates
Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Contains:
- Contractile Components (proteins, fats, enzymes, glycogen, mitochondria, SR)
Myofibrils
In sarcoplasm

Contain contraction apparatus
- Actin
- Myosin
Myofilaments
Myosin

Actin
Cross Bridges (Myosin)
Globular Heads of the myosin filaments the protrude to attach to Actin
Actin
The two strands with the double-helix shape
Sarcomere
Both myosin and actin filaments that are organized longitudinally

Smallest contractile unit in skeletal muscle
A-Band
The dark filament

Corresponds to the alignment of the Myosin Fillaments
I-Band
Corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sarcomeres

Contain only actin filaments
Z-Line
In the middle of I-Band

Appears as a thin, dark line

Runs Longitudinally
H-Zone
Area in the center of a sarcomere

Only myosin present
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Intricate tubules surrounding each myofibril

Terminates as vesicles in the vicinity of Z-lines

Stores Calcium + Ions (controls muscle contraction)
T-Tubules
Run perpendicular to the SR

Terminate in the vicinity of Z-lines between vesicles
Triad
The pattern of T-Tubules spaced between/perpendicular to 2 SR's
Action Potential
An Electrical nerve impulse
Action Potential w/ Muscle Contraction
Action Potential from MU
>
Releases Ca+ from SR to myofibril
>
Tension in Muscle
Sliding-Filament Theory
States that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber
Troponin
A protein that is situated at regular intervals along the Actin filaments

Has high affinity for Ca+
Tropomyosin
Runs along the length of actin filament

In the grooves of the double-helix
Cross-Bridge/Force Pro Relationship
The number of Cross-Bridges that are attached to actin filaments dictate the Force Production of a muscle
Resting Phase (Muscle)
Little Ca+

Little cross-bridges
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase (Muscle)
Action Potential
>
Ca+ Release
>
Cross Bridging
>
Force Production
Contraction Phase (Muscle)
Ca+ and ATP are necessary for Myosin Cross-Bridging with Actin
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter

Diffuses across NM-Junction

Causes excitation of Sarcolemma
All-Or-Nothing Principle
Fibers all fire or they don't despite action potential strength/weakness
Twitch
The short period of activation of a muscle fiber within a MU after an AP reaches it
Tetanus
When twitches begin to merge and eventually completely fuse
Slow-Twitch
MU's develop force and relax slowly

Long twitch time
Fast-Twitch
MU's develop force and relaxes rapidly

Slow twitch time

Type I

Slow-Twitch

More efficient

Fatigue Resistant

High Capacity for Aerobic E+ supply

Limited potential for Rapid Force Development

Low ATPase activity and Low Anaerobic power
Type IIa/IIb
Fast-Twitch

Inefficient and fatigable

Low Aerobic Power

Rapid Force Development

High Actomyosin acitivites
Type IIx
Human muscle fibers
Motor Unit Recruitment
MU's are composed of Fibers with specific Morphological/physiological characteristics that determine their functional capacity
Recruitment
The number of MU's activated
Change in Force Production
Change in frequency of activation of individual motor units

Change in Number of Activated Motor Units
Preloading
Muscle fibers that are active early in the range of motion will not be fully activated unless the muscle is Loaded Prior to Muscle Action
Proprioceptors
Specialized sensory receptors

Located in:
- Joints
- Muscles
- Tendons

Sensitive to:
- Pressure
- Tension

Responsible for:
- Kinesthetic Sense
- Conscious Appreciation of Body Position
- Muscle tone
- Complex Coordinated Movements
Muscle Spindles
Proprioceptors in modified muscle fibers in the sheath of connective tissues

Provide Info On:
- Muscle Length
- Rate of Change in Length
Intrafusal Fibers
Modified Muscle Fiber with the Muscle Spindle attached to it

Run parallel to normal Fibers
Extrafusal Fibers
Normal Muscle Fibers
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
Proprioceptors located in the Tendons of muscles

Attached end-to-end with Extrafusal muscle fibers

Sense tension in the Muscle
- If tension is in excess, the GTO kicks in and inhibits the muscle tension
Sarcopenia
Reduced muscle Size and Strength

Result of aging or inactivity
Heart
muscular organ comprised of two interconnected but separate pumps; the right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, and the left side pumps blood through the rest of the body.
Atrium
Left and Right

Deliver blood into the Right/Left Ventricles
Ventricles
Left and Right

Supply the main force of blood through:
- Pulmonary
- Peripheral
Circulations
Chambers of the Heart
Atria

Ventricles
Prevents Flow of Blood from the Ventricles back into the Atria During Systole
Tricuspid Valve

Mitral Valve (bicuspid)

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
Systole
Ventricular Contraction
Prevents Backflow from the Aorta and Pulmonary Arteries into the Ventricles during Diastole
Aortic Valve

Pulmonary Valve (Semilunar Valves)
Diastole
Ventricular Relaxation
Sinoartrial Node (SA)
The intrinsic pacemaker-where rhythmic electrical impulses are initiated
Atrioventricular Node (AV)
Where impulses is delayed slightly before passing into ventricles
Atroventricular Bundle (AV)
Conducts the impulse to the Ventricles and L/R Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
Conducts Impulses to all parts of the Ventricles
Myocardium
Heart Muscle

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Nervous Systems

Components of the Autonomic Nervous Systems

Takes control of rhythm from Medulla of the brain and transmits to heart
Sympathetic Nervous System (Heart)
Accelerates Depolarization

Causes the heart to beat faster
Parasympathetic Nervous System (Heart)
Slow SA node discharge

Causes the heart to beat slower
Bradycardia
Fewer than 60 bpm
Tachycardia
>100 bpm
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Graphic Representation of electric activity of the heart recorded at the surface of the body
P-Wave
Generated by the Changes in Electrical Potential of Cardiac Muscle Cells that Depol that Atria and result in Atrial Contraction
Depolarization
The Reversal of the Membrane Electrical Potential
QRS Complex (ECG)
Generated by the Electrical Potential that Depols the Ventricles and results in Ventricular Contraction
T-Wave (ECG)
Caused by the Electrical Potential Generated as the Ventricles recover from the state of Depol
Repolarization
Occurs in the Ventricular muscle shortly after Depol
Arterial System
Carries blood away from the Heart
Venous System
Returns Blood toward the Heart
Arteries
Rapidly transport blood pumped from the Heart

Have strong muscular walls, to withstand high pressure of blood from heart
Arterioles
Small Branches of Arteries

Act as control vessels through which Blood enter

Capillaries

Function is to exchange:
- Fluid
- Nutrients
- Electrolytes
- Hormones
- Other Substances
Between the blood and interstitial fluid in the various tissues in the body
Venules
Collect blood from the capillaries and gradually converge into Veins
Veins
Transport blood back to the heart
Cardiovascular System Function
Transport nutrients and removes waste products

Helps to maintain the Environment for all the body functions

Transports O2 from lungs to Tissues

Transports CO2 from tissues to Lungs
Hemoglobin
Part of the Blood that transports O2

Iron-Protein Molecule in RBC's

Acid Base Buffer
Red Blood Cells
Major component of Blood

Contain Carbonic Anhydrase (catalyzes CO2 and H2O to remove CO2)
Respiratory System (Function)
Basic exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Trachea
First-Generation Respiratory Passage
Bronchi
Left/Right

Second Generation Respiratory Passage
Brochiloes
All additional generations of Air Passage Alveoli
Alveoli
The location of gas exchange in Respiration
Pleural Pressure
Pressure in the narrow space between the Lung Pleura and Chest Wall
Pleura
Membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls
Alveolar Pressure
The pressure inside the Alveoli when the Glottis is open and no air is flowing into/out of Lungs
Diffusion
Random motion of molecules moving in Opposite Direction through the Alveolar Capillary Membrane

From High Concentration to Low Concentration