Cscs - Chapter 8

Front 1

This is the goal of every athlete and is a state marked by psychological and physiological efficiency (i.e. employing only the amount of psychic and physical energy required to perform the task): _____ _____ _____.

Back 1

Ideal Performance State

Front 2

The ___ is someone who engages in a social comparison (competition) involving psychomotor skill or physical prowess (or both) in an institutionalized setting, typically under public scrutiny or evaluation.

Back 2

athlete

Front 3

_____ _____ is the subdiscipline of exercise science that seeks to understand the influence of behavioral processes on skilled movement.

Back 3

Sport psychology

Front 4

Within exercise science, sport psychology has 3 major goals:

Back 4

(1) Measuring psychological phenomena
(2) Investigating the relationships between psychological variable and performance
(3) Applying theoretical knowledge to improve athletic performance

Front 5

_____ _____ is a subjective experience of apprehension and uncertainty accompanied by elevated autonomic and voluntary neural outflow and increased endocrine activity.

Back 5

State anxiety

Front 6

____ ____is a negative experience but its affects on athletic perfomance can be positive, negative, indifferent, depending on such factors as the athlete's skill level and personality and the complexity of the task performed.

Back 6

State anxiety

Front 7

____ ____ is a personality variable or disposition relating to the probability that one will perceive an environment as threatening. This acts like a primer for the athlete to experience state anxiety.

Back 7

Trait anxiety

Front 8

_____ is simply the intensity dimension of behavior and physiology.

Back 8

Arousal

Front 9

Arousal is relatively uncontrolled in an anxious state as opposed to an unanxious state and 3 important factors are usually present:

Back 9

(1) A high degree of ego involvement in which the athlete may precieve to be threatening to self-esteem
(2) A preceived discrepancy between one's ability and the demands of athletic success
(3) A fear of the consquences of failure

Front 10

_____ anxiety relates to psychological processes and worrisome thoughts, whereas ____ anxiety relates to such physical symptoms as tense muscles, tachycardia (fast heart rate) and the butterflies.

Back 10

Cognitive, somatic

Front 11

_____ is any disruption from homeostasis or mental and physical calm.

Back 11

Stress

Front 12

_____ is an environment or cognitive event that precipitates stress (i.e. the stress response).

Back 12

Stressor

Front 13

Negative stress is called ____ state and positive stress is called ____ state.

Back 13

distress, eustress

Front 14

Distress comprises ______ and ____ anxiety and eustress comprises _____ energy and physiological ____.

Back 14

cognitive, somatic, arousal

Front 15

Specific components of the Anxiety and Arousal Constructs:

Back 15

Page 162

Front 16

_____ is defined as the processing of both environmental and internal cues that come to awareness.

Back 16

Attention

Front 17

The ability to inhibit awareness of some stimuli in order to process others is termed ____ ___, and it suppresses task-irrelevant cues in order to process the task-relevant cues in the limited attentional space. This is a skill that can be learned.

Back 17

selective attention

Front 18

To deal with anxiety and attentional challenges as a result in participating in an athletic event, some athletes develop a _____ _____ that consciously directs thoughts to task-relevant and controllable concerns(e.g. breathing, checking the turf, stretching, etc).

Back 18

preparatory routine

Front 19

Easterbrook's ___ _____ theory is helpful in explaining the effect of stress or increased levels of physiological arousal on attentional processing of information.

Back 19

cue utilization

Front 20

If arousal is allowed to increase beyond ____ level, a point of diminishing returns may be reached. At ____ levels of arousal, shrinkage of attentional capacity may occur that task-relevant cues are eliminated. In other words, too much attentional shrinkage occurs.

Back 20

moderate, high

Front 21

6 attentional styles as formulated by Nideffer for sports psychology: page 164 for more detailed explanations. This is also called the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS)

Back 21

(1) Broad external attentional focus
(2) Overloaded by external stimuli
(3) Broad internal attentional focus
(4) Overloaded by internal stimuli
(5) Narrow attentional focus
(6) Reduced attentional focus

Front 22

Nideffer studies into sports psychology revealed that attentional style as a personality trait tends to be characterized by 2 dimensions:

Back 22

(1) internal-external
(2) broad-narrow

Front 23

3 pathways that lead from the brain and the spinal cord (central nervous system) to the athletes physical apparatus (bones, muscles, nerves, glands):

Back 23

(1)Connections via the voluntary nervous outflow (pyramidal and extrapyramidal) to the skeletal muscles
(2)In concert with the motor efference is the autonomic efference to the various organs and blood vessels that subserve the metabolic needs of the muscle
(3)By way of the endocrine system, glands of the body are influenced which releases hormones (testosterone, etc) that can dramatically affect the physiological state via anabolic and catabolic processes

Front 24

6 characteristics for the ideal performance state in competition:

Back 24

(1) No Fear
(2) No thinking or analysis of performance
(3) A narrow focus of attention concentrated on the activity itself
(4) A sense of effortlessness-involuntary experience
(5) A sense of personal control
(6) A distortion of time and space, time slows

Front 25

3 stages of motor skill learning:

Back 25

(1) Cognitive stage-effortful and conscious regulation of movement
(2) Associative stage-focus on the task but is less concerned with the details of the movement
(3) Automaticity stage-mind is relaxed and skill is done w/o thinking

Front 26

The attentional allocation or shift in allocation to process only the cues and cognitive activity that relate to the athletic performance nicely represents the concept of _____-_____ efficiency. This state exemplifies the optimal mind-body relationship in sport.

Back 26

mental-psychological efficiency

Front 27

The ____ performance state is characterized by a quiet mind that results in less cortical interference with the subcortical motor control centers and in consistent and efficient execution of motor performance.

Back 27

ideal

Front 28

_____ motivation is important for any athlete and is the desire to be competent and self-determining. This state can be maintained or encouraged by stressing success and pulling one's own strings.

Back 28

Intrinsic

Front 29

_____ motivation is the athlete's wish to engage in competition, or social comparison.

Back 29

Achievement

Front 30

People have opposing personality traits with themselves: motive to ____ ____ and motive to ___ ____.

Back 30

motive to achieve success (MAS) and motive to avoid failure (MAF)

Front 31

_____ _____ is the act of increasing the probability of occurrence of a given behavior (a target behavior like correct footwork in basketball, this is termed an _____) by following ti with an action, object, or event such as praise, decals on helmets, or prizes and awards.

Back 31

Positive reinforcement, operant

Front 32

____ ____ increases the probability of occurrence by removing an act, object, or event that is typically aversive.

Back 32

Negative reinforcement

Front 33

____ ____ is the presentation of an act, object, or event following a behavior that could decrease the the behavior's occurrence.

Back 33

Positive punishment

Front 34

_____ ____ is the removal of something valuable, could take the form of revoking privileges or playing time, like benching.

Back 34

Negative punishment

Front 35

Any reinforcement (pos or neg) increases ___-___ focus rather than worry focus. This facilitates reaction time and decision making.

Back 35

task-relevant

Front 36

_____-_ theory states that arousal facilitates performance up to an optimal level, beyond which further increases in arousal are associated with reduced performance.

Back 36

Inverted-U

Front 37

An athlete's ___ level can increase the latitude of optimal arousal; that is the more ____ the better they perform during great or less optimal arousal.

Back 37

skill, skill

Front 38

4 factors that influences the appropriate level of arousal to achieve optimal performance:

Back 38

(1) Skill Level
(2) Task Complexity
(3) Personality
(4) Trait Anxiety

Front 39

Regarding ___ ____, simple skills can tolerate a higher degress of arousal because they have few task-relevant cues to monitor.

Back 39

task complexity

Front 40

_____ are sensory reducers, while ____ are sensory augmenters.

Back 40

Extroverts, introverts

Front 41

_____ require heightened stimulation compared to the ____ because of the tendency to reduce or dampen arousing effects. The opposite is true for the ___ who requires a lower level of stimulation.

Back 41

Extrovert, introvert, introvert

Front 42

People with high levels of _____ anxiety tend to flood attentional capacity with task-irrelevant cognitions, such as thoughts of failure, catastrophe, or ego-oriented concerns.

Back 42

trait

Front 43

The interaction of factors that affect optimal arousal and developed the zone of ____ ____ theory. This means that different people perform best with very different levels of arousal.

Back 43

optimal functioning

Front 44

An athlete can monitor their state to fall into the optimal functioning zone by using a standardized psychometric instrument called the ____ ____ ___, which ranges from a low of 20 to a max of 80.

Back 44

Sate Anxiety Inventory

Front 45

______ theory states that an increase in physiological arousal occur in the presence of cognitive anxiety, a sudden drop-rather that a gradual decline-in performance occurs.

Back 45

Catastrophe

Front 46

Perceived self-confidence, or ___-___, is a better predictor of task execution than either arousal or anxiety.

Back 46

self-efficacy

Front 47

Two monitoring strategies when in comes to athletic peformance: ____ strategy is when an athlete monitors their efforts to increase perfomance; whereas ___ strategy is where they distract themselves to reduce pain and fatigue of their efforts. ___ strategy is more efficient.

Back 47

association, dissociation, association

Front 48

The best way to acheive the association strategy for athletes is _____ practice and successful _____ exposure.

Back 48

quality, competitive

Front 49

___ ____ is the process of progressively challenging standards of performance are pursued with a defined criterion of task performance that increases the likelihood of perceived success.

Back 49

Goal setting

Front 50

An important distinction in terms of setting ____, is the process vs the outcome.

Back 50

goals

Front 51

____ goals are those over whose achievement that athlete has control; whereas ___ goals the athlete has little control.

Back 51

Process, outcome

Front 52

An athlete can increase their chances of winning by adopting both ___ and ___ goal orientation as opposed to a winning-only attitude.

Back 52

process, outcome

Front 53

Both process and outcome goals can be applied to ____ as well. An exception to the general caveat about avoiding _____ goals is the situation in which the athlete is extremely confident and undermatched in competition. He may then want to focus soley on these goals to maximize motivation.

Back 53

conditioning, outcome

Front 54

Short term goals that progressively increase in difficulty are termed ______ ______ because they increasingly resemble the long-term goal.

Back 54

successive approximations

Front 55

Each targeted goal or behavior is called an _____. They are clearly defined standards of performance and derive from the term _________, which means to concretely specify a behavior so that it can be measured.

Back 55

operant, operationalize

Front 56

_____ goal setting can simultaneously increase the psychological development and performance of the athlete.

Back 56

Systematic

Front 57

3 major reasons explain why goal setting affects performance:

Back 57

(1) Goals direct an athlete's attention by prioritizing efforts
(2) Goals increase effort because of the contingency of success on goal attainment
(3) Goals increase positive reinforcement through the feedback given to athletes

Front 58

____ ____ techniques are important when people are executing complex tasks or practicing new ones.

Back 58

Physical relaxation

Front 59

______ _____ is referred to belly breathing and is a basic stress management technique and a precursor to all other mental training techniques. It focuses thought on breathing (a controlable aspect of physiology) to clear the mind and therefore increase attentional capacity.

Back 59

Diaphragmatic breathing

Front 60

Diaphragmatic breathing is a ________ (muscle-to-mind) technique.

Back 60

somatopsychic

Front 61

Rhythmic breathing can _____ neural stimulation of both the skeletal muscles and organs (heart, lungs, liver), resulting in a sense of deep relaxation.

Back 61

decrease

Front 62

Steps in diaphragmatic breathing

Back 62

(1) Attention directed away from the chest and to the abdominal area which must be relaxed which is best from a standing position
(2) Let shoulders and neck relax and arms hang
(3) Relax the abdomen until it appears flacid, placing a hand on the stomach gives you feedback

Front 63

The entire process of inhalation in diaphragmatic breathing takes place in 3 areas and stages:

Back 63

(1) lower abdomen
(2) midchest
(3) upper chest

Front 64

Diaphragmatic breathing can be combined with a more dynamic muscular relaxation technique called _____ ____ relaxation.

Back 64

progressive muscular

Front 65

______ _____ _____ (PMR) is a somatopsychic technique by which psychological and physical arousal are self-regulated through the control of skeletal muscle tension.

Back 65

Progressive muscle relaxation

Front 66

The technique exerts its effect by means of a process termed ____ _____ which reflects the principle that a relaxed body will promote a relaxed mind.

Back 66

reciprocal inhibition

Front 67

Progressive muscle relaxation steps

Back 67

Page 175

Front 68

_____ _____ refers to shifting autonomic neural processes from sympathetic to parasympathetic dominance.

Back 68

Autogenic training

Front 69

_____ techniques are designed to reduce physiological arousal and increase task-relevant focus and are of extreme importance when one is executing complex tasks and those not well learned.

Back 69

Relaxation

Front 70

_____ ____ is a cognitive psychological skill in which the athlete uses all the senses to create a mental experience of an athletic performance.

Back 70

Mental imagery

Front 71

3 Stages of mental imagery:

Back 71

(1) Start with a relatively simple visual (unisensory not multi) image
(2) After visualizing a stationary object with detail start to move the object in the mind viewing it from several perspectives
(3) Rehearse successful execution of the skill during imagined competitve conditions. This provides the subconscious with positive memories increasing confidence

Front 72

____ is defined as an induced state of hypersuggestibility in which positive suggestions relating to an athlete's performance potential can be planted in the subconscious mind.

Back 72

Hypnosis

Front 73

______ ______ (SD) is a hybrid of cognitive and somatic techniques that allows an athlete to replace a fear response to various cues with a relaxtion response.

Back 73

Systematic desensitization

Front 74

The adaptive, learned replacement process behind the principle of systematic desensitization is called _______.

Back 74

counterconditioning

Front 75

2 ways an athlete should use arousal control techniques. This helps them perform with an unburdened mind while matching their mental and physical intensity to the demands of the task.

Back 75

(1) Arousal reduction techniques when preforming a new skill or one that is complex in nature
(2) Arousal enhancement techniques when executing simple skills or ones that are well learned