Csc 236 Ch 1 - Introduction

Front 1

Program that manages the computer hardware. Also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an intermediary between the computer user and computer hardware.

Back 1

Operating System

Front 2

Central processing unit (CPU), the memory, and the input/output (I/O) devices

Back 2

Hardware

Front 3

Word processors, spreadsheets, compilers, and web browsers

Back 3

Application Programs

Front 4

A system designed for one user to monopolize its resources and maximize the work the user is performing.

Back 4

Ease of Use

Front 5

How various hardware and software resources are shared.

Back 5

Resource Utilization

Front 6

A role of the OS, that manages CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, ...

Back 6

Resource Allocator

Front 7

Manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer.

Back 7

Control Program

Front 8

Basic unit of computer storage. Can contain 0 or 1.

Back 8

Bit

Front 9

8 bits, often the smallest convenient chunk of storage

Back 9

Byte

Front 10

A given computer architecture's native storage unit.

Back 10

Word

Front 11

The one program running at all times on the computer.

Back 11

Kernel

Front 12

Programs associated with the operating system but are not part of the kernel.

Back 12

System Programs

Front 13

All programs not associated with the operation of the system.

Back 13

Application Programs

Front 14

Initial program to run typically stored in read only memory (ROM) or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory

Back 14

bootstrap program

Front 15

Signals the occurrence of an event

Back 15

Interrupt

Front 16

A special operation for software to trigger an interrupt

Back 16

System Call (Monitor Call)

Front 17

Rewritable Memory, also called Main memory

Back 17

random-access memory (RAM)

Front 18

A semiconductor technology used to implement main memory

Back 18

dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)

Front 19

Architecture where an instruction execution cycle consists of first fetching the instruction from memory, storing it in the instruction register, and then decoded.

Back 19

von Neumann

Front 20

The area where instructions are stored to be executed in a von Neumann architecture

Back 20

instruction register

Front 21

An extension of main memory that is able to hold large quantities of data permanently.

Back 21

Secondary Storage

Front 22

Most common secondary-storage device which provides storage for both programs and data.

Back 22

Magnetic Disk

Front 23

Storage that loses its contents when the power to the device is removed.

Back 23

Volatile Storage

Front 24

DRAM with battery backup power.

Back 24

NVRAM

Front 25

Understands the device controller and presents a uniform interface to the device to the rest of the operating system.

Back 25

Device Driver

Front 26

The direct transfer of an entire block of data from a device to the memory, with no intervention by the CPU

Back 26

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Front 27

The ability to continue providing service proportional to the level of surviving hardware

Back 27

Graceful Degradation.

Front 28

Systems that can suffer a failure of any single component and still continue operation

Back 28

Fault Tolerant

Front 29

System in which multi-processor systems assign specific tasks to each processor. This is done by a master processor.

Back 29

Asymmetric multiprocessing

Front 30

Each processor performs all tasks within the operating system.

Back 30

Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

Front 31

The situation in which access to any RAM from any CPU takes the same amount of time.

Back 31

Uniform Memory Access (UMA)

Front 32

Multiple processor boards, I/O boards, and networking boards are placed in the same chassis.

Back 32

Blade Servers

Front 33

System that gathers together multiple CPUs to accomplish computation work, typically sharing storage and linked via a local-area network.

Back 33

Clustered System

Front 34

A service that will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail. Generally achieved with a level of redundancy.

Back 34

High-Availability

Front 35

Clustering where one machine is in hot-standby mode while the other is running the applications.

Back 35

Asymmetric Clustering

Front 36

Clustering where two or more hosts are running applications and are monitoring each other

Back 36

Symmetric Mode

Front 37

A machine that does nothing but monitor the active server, and becomes the active server if the server fails.

Back 37

Hot-Standby Mode

Front 38

Technique which consists of dividing a program into separate components that run concurrently on individual computers in the cluster

Back 38

Parallelization

Front 39

Software that tracks access to a shared disk that controls access and prevents conflicting operations from occurring .

Back 39

Distributed Lock Manager (DLM)

Front 40

The organizing of jobs (code and data) so that the CPU always has one to execute, increasing CPU utilization.

Back 40

Multiprogramming

Front 41

The CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can interact with each program while it is running.

Back 41

Time Sharing (Multitasking)

Front 42

A mean of communication (such as keyboard or mouse) that provides direct communication between the user and the system.

Back 42

Interactive Computer System

Front 43

The process where the system must choose among several jobs to allocate into memory if there is not enough room for all of them.

Back 43

Job Scheduling

Front 44

The process where the system must choose among several jobs to run.

Back 44

CPU Scheduling

Front 45

The process where processes are moved in and out of main memory to the disk.

Back 45

Swapping

Front 46

A technique that allows the execution of a process that is not completely in memory. Allows users to run programs that are larger than actual physical memory.

Back 46

Virtual Memory

Front 47

A software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or by a specific request from a user program that an operating-system service be performed.

Back 47

Trap (exception)

Front 48

The mode where the computer system is executing on behalf of a user application

Back 48

User Mode

Front 49

The mode where services from the operating systems and privileged instructions can be executed.

Back 49

Kernel Mode (Supervisor Mode, System Mode, or Privileged Mode)

Front 50

A bit added to the hardware of the computer to indicated the current mode .

Back 50

Mode Bit

Front 51

Instructions that can only be executed in kernel mode.

Back 51

Privileged instructions

Front 52

A tool to interrupt the computer after a specified period.

Back 52

Timer

Front 53

A timer implemented by a fixed-rate clock and a counter.

Back 53

Variable Timer

Front 54

A logical storage unit abstracted from the physical properties of its storage devices.

Back 54

File

Front 55

Storage based on CD and DVD disks

Back 55

Tertiary Storage

Front 56

The copying of information from the main memory to a faster storage system on a temporary basis.

Back 56

Caching

Front 57

The careful selection of cache size and a replacement policy.

Back 57

Cache Management

Front 58

Electronic RAM disks

Back 58

Solid-State Disks

Front 59

Maintaining consistency of values across caches in a multiprocessor environment.

Back 59

Cache Coherency

Front 60

Numerical unique IDs to distinguish between users

Back 60

User Identifiers (user IDs) or Security ID (SID) in Windows

Front 61

A method to allow users to run a restricted application based on the permissions of another user.

Back 61

Escalate Privileges

Front 62

The ID a process runs under when a user escalates privileges.

Back 62

effective UID

Front 63

A communication path between two or more systems.

Back 63

Network

Front 64

A network that connects computers within a room, floor, or building.

Back 64

Local Area Network (LAN)

Front 65

Network that usually links buildings, cities, or countries.

Back 65

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Front 66

A network that could link buildings within a city.

Back 66

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Front 67

A network using wireless technologies to communicate over a distance of several feet.

Back 67

Small Area Network

Front 68

An operating system that provides features such as file sharing across the network and includes a communication scheme that allows different processes on different computers to exchange messages.

Back 68

Network Operating System

Front 69

Hardware devices with circuits that perform their tasks without an operating system.

Back 69

Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)

Front 70

Operating systems with rigid time requirements, often used as a control device in a dedicated application.

Back 70

Real-time Operating Systems

Front 71

The displaying of only a small subset of a Webpage to a handheld device.

Back 71

Web Clipping

Front 72

Provide web accessibility to internal servers.

Back 72

Portals

Front 73

Terminals that understand Web-based computing.

Back 73

Network Computers

Front 74

Systems that satisfy requests generated by client systems.

Back 74

Server Systems

Front 75

A system where a client can send a request to perform an action. The server executes the action and sends back results to the client.

Back 75

Computer-Server System

Front 76

A file system interface where clients can create, update, read, and delete files.

Back 76

File-Server System

Front 77

Devices which distribute network connections among a pool of similar servers.

Back 77

Load Balancers

Front 78

Operating systems that are made available in source-code format rather than as compiled binary code.

Back 78

Open-source operating systems

Front 79

Staring from binary code, and trying to produce source code

Back 79

Reverse engineering

Front 80

Copy protection to limit the ability to play back movies and music

Back 80

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Front 81

Foundation with the goal of encouraging the free exchange of software source code and the free use of that software.

Back 81

Free Software Foundation (FSF)

Front 82

Common copyleft license under which free software is released.

Back 82

GNU General Public License (GPL)

Front 83

Custom builds of a system.

Back 83

Distribution

Front 84

Operating System that can be booted and run from a CD-ROM.

Back 84

LiveCD

Front 85

A longer and more complicated history than Linux, started as a derivative of AT&T's Linux.

Back 85

BSD UNIX

Front 86

Open source operating system that originated in 1991, when a student released a rudimentary kernel.

Back 86

GNU Linux

Front 87

Commercial UNIX-based operating system of Sun Microsystems. (Now Oracle).

Back 87

Solaris