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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tracheal Deviation:
Pulled toward abnormal side. |
1) atelectasis
2) pul. fibrosis 3) pneumonectomy 4) diaphragmatic paralysis |
|
Tracheal Deviation:
Pulled toward normal side. |
1) pleural effusion(MOST COMMON)
2) tension pneumothorax 3) neck or thryroid tumors 4) large mediastinal mass |
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Percussion:
Resonance |
normal
|
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Percussion:
Flatness |
atelectasis
over sternum full sound |
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Percussion:
Dullness |
pleural effusion
over fluid-filled organs thudding sound |
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Percussion:
Tympany |
COPD
over air-filled organs drum-like sound |
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Percussion:
Hyperresonance |
pneumothorax / emphysema
over areas of above pathologies booming sound |
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Auscultation:
Bilateral vesicular Bronchial Breath sounds |
normal over the trachea/bronchi
abnormal over lung periphery - indicates consolidation=pneumonia Tx: antibiotics |
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Auscultation: Rales
1)Coarse 2)Medium 3)Fine |
1)large airways - Sx
2)medium airways - CPT 3)alveoli/fluid/CHF/Pul.Edema - bronchoscopy,IPPB,IS,Diuretics, Digitalis |
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Auscultation: Wheeze
1)Lateral 2)Unilateral |
1) bronchospasm - bronchodilator
2) foreign body obs. - bronchoscopy/Sx |
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Auscultation: Stridor
1)supraglottic 2)subglottic 3)Foreign Body Obs. |
1)epiglotitis/sever swelling - Intubate
2)croup/post extubation - racemic epi/humidity 3) solids/fluid -bronchoscopy/sx |
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Auscultation: Pleural Rub
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-inflammed visceral/parietal pleura
-pleurisy,TB,pneumonia,pul.infarction,cancer -Tx: steroids/antibiotics |
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Heart sounds:
S1 |
First sound (normal)
closure of mitral/tricuspid |
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Heart sounds:
S2 |
Second sound (normal)
closure of pulmonic/aortic valve |
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Heart sounds
S3 S4 |
abnormal
1) CHF 2) mycocardial infarction /cardiomegaly |
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4 Critical Life Functions
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1) Ventilation - open airway
2) Oxygenation - increase FiO2 3) Circulation - Chest comp 4) Perfusion - increase BP |
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Normal Urine Output
|
40 cc/hr
|
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Orthopnea
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CHF, heart problem
Tx: diuretics Difficulty breathing except in an upright position. |
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General Malaise
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Electrolyte Imbalance
Run down feeling, nausea, weakness, fatigue, headache |
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When are costophrenic angles obliterated?
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pleural effusions
|
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When is the diaphragm flattened?
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COPD
|
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Lateral decubitus
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Pt lying on the affected side.
Valuable for detecting PLEURAL EFFUSION |
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Radiolucent
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Air
Dark pattern normal lungs |
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Radiodense
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Solid / Fluids
White pattern normal bones/organs |
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Infiltrate
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Ill defined radiodensity
Atelectasis Tx: IPPB/IS |
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Consolidation
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Solid white area
Pneumonia / Pleural Effusion TX: Lasix |
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Hyperlucency
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Extra air
COPD, Asthma attack, pneumothorax Tx: Lasix |
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Vascular markings
|
lymphatics, vessels, lung tissue
increase presence = CHF absence = pneumothorax |
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Diffuse
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spread thru-out
Atelectasis/pneumonia |
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Opaque
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fluid/solid
|
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Fluffy infiltrates
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Diffuse whiteness
Pulmonary Edema |
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Butterfly pattern
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Infiltrate in shape of butterfly/batwing
Pulmonary Edema |
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Patchy Infiltrates
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Scattered densities
Atelectasis |
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Platelike Infiltrates
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Thin-layered densities
Atelectasis |
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Ground Glass Appearance
|
reticulogranular
ARDS / IRDS Tx: surfactant, PLS ventilation |
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Honeycomb Pattern
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reticulonodular
ARDS / IRDS |
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Airbronchogram
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Pneumonia
|
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Peripheral Wedge-shaped Infiltrate
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Pulmonary Embolus
|
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Concave Superior Interface/border
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Pleural Effusion
|
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Basilar Infiltrates with Meniscus
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Pleural Effusion
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Main indication for Bronchography
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Bronchiectasis
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V/Q Scan: Results indicate normal ventilation scan but abnormal perfusion scan
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Pulmonary Emboli
|
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Indication for Electroencephalography
|
evaluation of sleep disorders
|
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ICP: normal value
When to initiate tx? |
5-10 mmHg
>20 mmHg Tx: increase RR, blow off CO2 to cause vasoconstriction. Mannitol=diuretic gets fluid out of brain. |
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Indication for Ultrasonography of the Heart (Echocardiogram)
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Noninvasive method for monitoring cardiac performance (on newborns)
|
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RBC:
1)Normal value? 2)What does it carry? 3)Significance of Low? 4)Significance of High? |
1)4-6 mill/cu mm
2)O2/hgb 3)anemia 4)polycythemia, presence of Chronic hypoxemia/COPD |
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Hb:
1)Normal value? 2)What does it carry? 3)Significance of Low? 4)Significance of High? |
1)12-16 gm/100 ml
2)O2 3)anemia 4)polycythemia |
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Hct:
1)Normal value? 2)Significance of Low? 3)Significance of High? |
1)40-50%
2)anemia 3)polycythemia |
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WBC:
1)Normal value? 2)Significance of Low? 3)Significance of High? |
1)5,000 - 10,000 per cu mm
2)Viral infection (leukopenia) 3)Bacterial infection (leukocytosis) |
|
K+
1)Normal Values? 2)Significance of Low? 3)Significance of High? |
1)(4.0) 3.5-5.0
2)hypokalemia: metabolic alkalosis, excessive excretion,renal loss, vomiting. [FLATTENED T-WAVE] 3)hyperkalemia: metabolic acidosis, kidney failure. [SPIKED T-WAVE] |