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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cervical Plexus
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Anterior rami of C1-C4 w/ some contribution from C5
Innervates head/neck, and primarily sensation from upper shoulder and chest |
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Phrenic Nerve
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Cervical Plexus
Formed from branches of C3-C5 Innervates diaphragm |
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Brachial Plexus
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Consists of anterior rami of C5-T1
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Axillary Nerve
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Brachial Plexus
Deltoid and teres minor |
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Lateral Pectoral
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Brachial Plexus
Pectoralis major |
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Musculocutaneous Nerve
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Brachial Plexus
Anterior upper arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis) |
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Median Nerve
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Brachial Plexus
Anterior forearm |
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Medial Pectoral Nerve
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Brachial Plexus
Pectoralis Major |
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Ulnar Nerve
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Brachial Plexus
Medial Forearm and hand |
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Radial Nerve
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Brachial Plexus
Entire posterior region of arm |
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Lumbar Plexus
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Formed from spinal nerves L1-L4
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Femoral Nerve
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Lumbar Plexus
Hip flexors and quadriceps |
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Obturator Nerve
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Lumbar Plexus
Medial Thigh |
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Sacral Plexus
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Formed from spinal nerves L4-S5
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Sciatic Nerve
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Sacral Plexus
Posterior thigh and entire lower leg |
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Superior Gluteal Nerve
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Sacral Plexus
Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia lata |
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Inferior Gluteal Nerve
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Sacral Plexus
Gluteus Maximus |
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Tibial branch
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Sciatic Nerve
Posterior lower leg |
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Superficial Peroneal branch
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Sciatic Nerve
Lateral Lower Leg |
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Deep Peroneal branch
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Sciatic nerve
Anterior lower leg |
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Medial/Lateral Plantar branch
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Sciatic Nerve
Plantar surface of foot |
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Medial/Lateral Dorsal branch
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Sciatic nerve
Dorsal surface of foot |
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Pre-Central Gyrus
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Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex |
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Post-Central Gyrus
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Parietal Lobe
Primary Sensory Cortex |
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Occipital Lobe
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Contains primary visual cortex
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Temporal Lobe
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Contains primary cortex for hearing and on its medial side the primary cortex for smell
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Prefrontal Area "Frontal Association Area"
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Frontal Lobe
Intellect, Intuition, Mood, Rational thought, reasoning, looking to the future |
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Broca's Area of Speech
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Pre-Motor Area in Frontal Lobe
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Pre-Motor Area
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Frontal Lobe (just anterior to Pre-Central Gyrus)
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Central Sulcus
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Divides Frontal and Parietal Lobes (specifically Pre and Post Central Gyrus)
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Wernicke's Area
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Parietal and Temporal Lobes of left hemisphere of cerebrum
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Somatosensory Association Area
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Parietal Lobe
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Cerebral Peduncles
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Midbrain
Contains UMNs of corticospinal tract (tract that starts from primary motor cortex) |
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Mamillary Bodies
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Midbrain
Associated with smelling reflexes |
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Apneustic Center
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Pons
Stimulates inhalation and inhibits exhalation |
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Pneumotaxic Center
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Pons
Stimulates exhalation and inhibits inhalation |
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Pyramids
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Medulla
Contain UMNs of corticospinal tract |
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Decussation of Pyramids
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Medulla
90% of UMNs cross to lateral funiculus |
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Cardio Center
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Medulla
Help control heart rate |
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Superior Colliculi
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Midbrain
Associated with visual reflexes |
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Inferior Colliculi
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Midbrain
Associated with auditory reflexes |
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Reticular Activating System
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Brainstem
Biological clock (system that wakes you up) |
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Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
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Pons
Allow for passage of info from cerebellum to higher centers |
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Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles
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Pons
Allow info from spinal cord to pass into cerebellum |
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Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
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Pons
Allow info to pass from Pons into cerebellum |
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Hypothalamus
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Inferior and slightly anterior to Thalamus
Controls ANS and behavior/emotional patterns; produces hormones and releasing factors for hormones in anterior pituitary; helps regulate digestion, thirst and hunger, and circadian rhythms |
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Pineal Gland
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Releases melatonin in response to light; may also influence sex drive
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Vermis
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Structure that connects the 2 hemispheres of Cerebellum
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Cerebellum
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Controls posture, balance, helps refine skilled motor movements, monitors intended movements, and monitors kinesthesia from actual movements
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Arbor Vitae
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Mid-region of Cerebellum; composed of white matter
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Gracilis and Cuneatus Tracts
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Carry sensory info dealing w/ touch, pressure, vibration, and kinesthesia (proprioception); consist of 3 neurons in series
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Gracilis Tract
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Carries info from legs and lower trunk
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Cuneatus Tract
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Carries info from arms, neck, and upper trunk
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Brain and spinal cord (ends around L1)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Consists of 12 pair cranial and 31 pair spinal nerves
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Cranial Nerves (12 pair)
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Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
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Spinal Nerves (31 pair)
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8 pair cervical, 12 pair thoracic, 5 pair lumbar, 5 pair sacral, 1 pair coccygeal
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Neuron
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Nerve Cell
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Nerve Fiber
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Axon
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Nerve
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Collection of axons
Note: Not called 'nerve' inside CNS |
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Neuroglial Cells
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4 types found in CNS (more numerous in CNS than neurons); 2 types in PNS
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Astrocytes
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Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Most numerous, help protect neurons, forms "blood-brain barrier" |
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Oligodendrocytes
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Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Protect and myelinate axons in CNS |
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Microglial Cells
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Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Immune defense in CNS; destroy foreign material by phagocytosis |
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Ependymal Cells
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Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Line ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord; also help produce and circulate Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Schwann Cells
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Neuroglial Cells (PNS)
Protect and can myelinate axons |
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Satellite Cells
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Neuroglial Cells (PNS)
Help protect groups of neuronal cell bodies in PNS; found in ganglia, which are groups of neuronal cell bodies |
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Efferent
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Motor
Anterior Horn |
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Afferent
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Sensory
Posterior Horn |
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Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) - Functions
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Shock absorption, helps facilitate nutrient exchange, and removes waste from neural tissue
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Cerebro Spinal Fluid - Movement
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Lateral Ventricles (2)
Interventricular Foramen 3rd Ventricle (sits between two halves of Thalamus) Cerebral Aqueduct (passes through midbrain) 4th Ventricle and then either Central Canal or Passes through 1 median and 2 lateral apertures to Subarachnoid space |
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Cerebro Spinal Fluid - Reabsorption
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Passes through subarachnoid villi into Sagital Sinus located between cerebral hemispheres and returns to venous system
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Basal Ganglia - Functions
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Turning on movements, setting turn-off times for movements, and helps produce many controlled subconscious movements (e.g. arm swing while walking)
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Basal Ganglia - Structures
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Caudate Nucleus, Globis Pallidus, Putamen (all 3 form Lentiform Nucleus)
Substantia Nigra (in midbrain) and Subthalamic Nuclei |
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Intermediate Mass
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Structure that connects two halves of Thalamus
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Thalamus - Function
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Sensory integrative center with some motor function
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Gracilis/Cuneatus Tract (path)
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Posterior Horn (no synapse)
Synapse in Gracilis/Cuneatus nuclei Cross over in Medulla Lemniscus Tract Synapse in Thalamus Synapse in Post-Central gyrus |
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Corticospinal Tract (lateral path)
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Pre-central Gyrus
Cross over in anterior medulla Through lateral corticospinal tract (lateral funiculus) Synapse on anterior horn LMN to muscle |
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Corticospinal Tract (anterior path)
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Pre-central Gyrus
Through anterior corticospinal tract Cross over to synapse on anterior horn LMN to muscle |
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Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
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Pain and temperature
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Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
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Itch, tickle, pressure, crude touch
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Lateral/Anterior Spinothalamic Tract (path)
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Synapse on Posterior horn
Cross over to lateral/anterior spinothalamic tract Synapse in Thalamus Synapse in Post-Central Gyrus |
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Posterior Funiculus
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Cuneatus and Gracilis
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Lateral Funiculus
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Posterior Spinocerebellar
Anterior Spinocerebellar Lateral Corticospinal Rubrospinal Lateral Spinothalamic |
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Anterior Funiculus
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Anterior Spinothalamic
Anterior Corticospinal |
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Posterior Spinocerebellar
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Subconscious sensory tract that carries kinesthesia from legs and trunk
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Posterior Spinocerebellar (path)
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Muscle Spindle
Synapses on posterior horn Up through posterior spinocerebellar tract Synapses in cerebellum Synapses again in cerebellum (4th SN synapses in dendate nucleus 5th SN crosses over to synapse in Red Nucleus in Midbrain) |
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Rubrospinal Tract (path)
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Red nucleus
Crosses over in Midbrain Passes through Rubrospinal tract to synapse on Anterior Horn LMN to Muscle |
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Reflex arc for pain
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Pain receptor synapses on posterior horn
Synapses on anterior horn Neuron returns to muscle to contract |
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Olfactory Nerve
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Cerebrum
Sensory - Smelling |
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Optic Nerve
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Cerebrum
Sensory - Vision |
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Oculomotor
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Midbrain
Sensory - Kinesthesia from muscle of your upper eyelid and from 4 extrinsic muscles of the eye (Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique) Motor - To the same muscles Parasympathetic Motor - Innervates Ciliary muscle (needed for near vision) and innervates sphincter muscle in iris to constrict pupil |
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Trochlear Nerve
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Midbrain
Sensory - Kinesthesia from superior oblique muscle of eye Motor - To superior oblique |
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Trigeminal Nerve
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Pons
Contains Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular branches |
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Opthalmic branch
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Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory - Anterior scalp, forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, lateral side of nose, nasal lining |
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Maxillary branch
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Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory - upper lip, skin around upper jaw, teeth of upper jaw |
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Mandibular branch
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Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory - Teeth of lower jaw, lower lip, skin around/over lower jaw, kinesthesia from muscles of mastication, and touch, pressure, temp from anterior 2/3 of tongue Motor - Muscles of mastication |
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Abducens Nerve
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Pons
Sensory - Kinesthesia from lateral rectus Motor - To lateral rectus |
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Facial Nerve
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Pons
Sensory - Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, kinesthesia from facial muscles and muscles of scalp Motor - To facial muscles and muscles of scalp Parasympathetic Motor - Lacrimal glands, nasal glands, palantine glands, sublingual and submandibular glands |
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve
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Pons
Contains Vestibular and Cochlear branches |
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Vestibular Branch
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Sensory - from your semicircular canals, utricles, and saccules
--> Balance and equilibrium Motor - Regulates sensitivity of hair cells in listed structures, spedifically within semicircular canals |
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Cochlear Branch
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Sensory - hearing
Motor - regulates sensitivity of hair cells |
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve
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Medulla
Sensory - taste from post. 1/3 of tongue; also touch, pressure, and temp from post 1/3 tongue; also sensory for monitoring O2 and CO2 levels in blood (will then communicate w/ breathing centers of Pons) Motor - muscles of larynx and pharynx (e.g. lifts larynx during swallowing) Parasympathetic - Motor to your parotid salivary glands |
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Vagus Nerve
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Medulla
Sensory - from muscles of throat and neck, and visceral sensory receptors from organs of thorax and abdomen Motor - Organs of thoracic and abdomen Parasympathetic Motor - Controls BP, stimulates smooth muscle in GI tract, lowers HR by slowing SA node, monitors O2 and CO2 levels in blood, and controls release of digestive enzymes from pancreas |
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Accessory Nerve
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Medulla
Sensory - kinesthesia from muscles of larynx, pharynx, soft palate, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius Motor - to same muscles |
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Hypoglossal Nerve
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Medulla
Sensory - kinesthesia from tongue Motor - to muscles of tongue |