Cross Cultural Psychology

Front 1

anger

Back 1

emotion of displeasure aroused by a threat overt (explicit) or covert (hidden) wrongdoing, attack, or offense

Front 2

display rules

Back 2

patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a particular culture, age, or social group

Front 3

emotion

Back 3

an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioural or emotional expression

Front 4

emotion recognition

Back 4

the process of identification, description, and explanation of an emotional expression

Front 5

evaluations of emotions

Back 5

an individual assessment of emotions according to certain criteria or principles

Front 6

feeling rules

Back 6

particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations

Front 7

preceding events

Back 7

the environmental circumstances and individual reactions that have a strong impact on particular emotional experiences

Front 8

stress

Back 8

perception of a continuous challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands

Front 9

aggressive motivation

Back 9

the desire to harm or injure others

Front 10

arousal theories

Back 10

motivational theories based on an assumption that people seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by actively changing their exposure to arousing stimuli

Front 11

collectivist-success motivation

Back 11

a type of achievement motivation that directs a person to connect with others; the individual's contribution is seen as beneficial to the members of a particular group or society in general

Front 12

drive

Back 12

an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy some physiological need

Front 13

extrinsic motivation

Back 13

a type of motivation that engages people in various activities for a particular reward

Front 14

individualist-success motivation

Back 14

a type of achievement motivation that affects one's attitudes and actions and is directed toward the attainment of personal goals

Front 15

instinct

Back 15

a relatively complex, inherited behaviour pattern characteristic of a species

Front 16

intrinsic motivation

Back 16

a type of motivation that engages people in various activities for no apparent reward except the pleasure and satisfaction of the activity itself

Front 17

motivation

Back 17

the psychological process that arouses, directs, and maintains behaviour

Front 18

need

Back 18

a motivated state caused by physiological deprivation (such as a lack of food or water)

Front 19

need for achievement

Back 19

a social need that directs people to strive constantly for excellence and success

Front 20

self-actualization

Back 20

a final level of psychological development in which individuals strive to realize their uniquely human potential to achieve everything they are capable of achieving

Front 21

sex culture

Back 21

a set of requirement, beliefs, symbols, and norms regarding sexuality and its expression

Front 22

sexual motivation

Back 22

a type of motivation that engages the individual in sexual activity

Front 23

anxiety disorders

Back 23

a category of mental disorders characterized by persistent anxiety or fears

Front 24

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Back 24

a developmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and restlessness of the child

Front 25

central symptoms

Back 25

symptoms of mental disorders observable in practically all cultures

Front 26

culture-bound syndromes

Back 26

recurrent, locally specific patterns of aberrant behaviour and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category; generally limited to specific societies or areas and indicate repetitive and troubling sets of experiences and observations

Front 27

depressive disorder

Back 27

a category of psychological disorders characterized by a profound and persistent feeling of sadness or despair, guilt, loss of interest in things that were once pleasurable, and disturbance in sleep and appetite

Front 28

melancholy

Back 28

the most common label used in many countries in the past for symptoms known today as depression

Front 29

mental disorder

Back 29

a clinically significant behavioral and psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (a painful syndrome) or disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom

Front 30

peripheral symptoms

Back 30

symptoms of mental disorders that are culture-specific

Front 31

personality disorders

Back 31

enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture

Front 32

psychotherapy

Back 32

the treatment of psychological disorders through psychological means, generally involving verbal interaction with a professional therapist

Front 33

relativist perspective

Back 33

a view of psychological disorders, according to which human beings develop ideas, establish behavioral norms, and learn emotional responses according to a set of cultural prescriptions; therefore, people from different cultural settings should understand psychological disorders differently, and the differences should be significant

Front 34

schizophrenia

Back 34

a disorder characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior

Front 35

tolerance threshold

Back 35

a measure of tolerance or intolerance toward specific personality traits in a specific cultural environment

Front 36

universalist perspective

Back 36

a view of psychological disorders, according to which people, despite cultural differences, share a great number of similar features, including attitudes, values, and behavioral responses

Front 37

acculturation

Back 37

considered in the context of immigration, the process of an individual's adjustment to a new culture

Front 38

censorship

Back 38

the restrictive practice of reviewing and determining what is appropriate for publication or broadcasting- according to moral, ideological, or political considerations

Front 39

counseling

Back 39

the act of providing psychological direction or advice as to a decision or course of action

Front 40

organization development

Back 40

a set of planned changes targeting at improving organizational and individual performance and well-being in a private business or government company; means the creation of an atmosphere that incorporates cultural and cross-cultural knowledge into the work process to increase both the overall efficiency and psychological satisfaction in the workplace

Front 41

refugee

Back 41

one who has left one's native country and is unwilling or unable to return to it because of persecution or fear of persecution (because of race, religion, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion)

Front 42

spirituality

Back 42

a broad range of phenomena concerning "nonmaterial" matters related to faith, trust, and hope, in contrast to "material" matters related to ownership, accumulation of possessions, and competition; emphasizes mind over matter, being over having, and mental effort over physical action

Front 43

James-Lange theory

Back 43

emotion is embedded into bodily experience; the physical experience leads the person to feel aroused, and the arousal stimulates the subjective experience of anxiety, joy, etc.

Front 44

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 44

various life situations can elicit both an emotional experience, such as disgust or fear, and bodily responses, such as increased blood pressure or sweaty palms

Front 45

Schachter-Singer theory

Back 45

there are two crucial elements of emotional experience- physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of this arousal; in every emotion we first experience a state of physiological arousal, then we try to explain to ourselves what the arousal means

Front 46

Darwin's view

Back 46

basic human emotional expressions are similar because they serve an adaptive purpose; both animals and humans signal their readiness or willingness to help, fight, or run through gestures, postures, and facial expressions; emotions regulate social behavior and may protect people from danger

Front 47

jealousy

Back 47

an indication of one's anxiety of being supplanted, or left without care or affection from another person

Front 48

sociobiological approach

Back 48

the struggle for survival within the human species motivates people to compete for scarce resources, and those who lack motivation to compete will fail

Front 49

social reflexes

Back 49

universal for all people in all cultures; cause humans to act purposefully, overthrow governments, write music, and commit crimes

Front 50

destructive instincts

Back 50

possessed by all humans; convert into behaviors of the big crowd (ex: rioters are driven by their destructive impulses)

Front 51

social contagion

Back 51

makes the intentions of one person easily spread through the group

Front 52

G. Tarde (sociobiological)

Back 52

everything in human behavior is the result of the natural process of imitation; different social conditions (national traditions, customs, and norms) are maintained because of people's natural instinct of imitation

Front 53

sociological approach

Back 53

emphasizes the crucial role of social factors in determining individual motivation

Front 54

Weber (sociological)

Back 54

there are 2 types of societies- preindustrial/traditional (people's desires and actions are viewed as appropriate and inappropriate on the basis of their links (or lack thereof) to the existing customs and rules), and industrial/nontraditional (people are motivated by rationality and by scarcity and value of time)

Front 55

Marx (sociological)

Back 55

an economic condition of inequality activates human needs; oppressed want their share of the resources, oppressors want to keep the status quo

Front 56

biological needs

Back 56

universal needs; direct human behavior toward self-preservation

Front 57

social needs

Back 57

needs that direct people toward establishing and maintaining relationships

Front 58

drive theories

Back 58

theories that people across countries come to value what they don't have; goal of behavior is to attain a state of stability or balance within the individual; stimuli (ex: hunger, pain) energize and initiate our behavior

Front 59

arousal theories

Back 59

theories that suggest that people seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by actively changing their exposure to arousing stimuli

Front 60

psychodynamic approach

Back 60

central concept is the unconscious; all humans are born with two basic drives: the life instinct (all the tendencies that strive toward the integration of a living substance) and the death wish (all the tendencies toward aggression and death)

Front 61

humanistic theories

Back 61

focus on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth

Front 62

Maslow (humanistic)

Back 62

humans have a number of innate needs that are arranged in a hierarchy in terms of their potency (physiological, safety, belonging and need, esteem, self-actualization)

Front 63

cognitive theories

Back 63

theories that maintain that people are aware of their thought patterns and therefore can control their motivation and behavior; people learn what they want and how to achieve rewards, mastery, and affiliation

Front 64

task orientation

Back 64

involves the goal of developing one's ability to learn and grow

Front 65

ego orientation

Back 65

implies illustrating one's superiority over others

Front 66

pathologization

Back 66

assigning pathological characteristics to ordinary, nonpathological psychological phenomena

Front 67

imposed solution

Back 67

every solution will benefit one party and harm the other

Front 68

distributive solution

Back 68

offers proposals that are midway between the initial positions of both (or all) conflicting parties

Front 69

integrative solution

Back 69

both sides can benefit simultaneously, without losing anything substantial

Front 70

balanced representation

Back 70

refers to the degree to which an ethnic group's population is commensurate with the amount of time they are represented on TV and other forms of media

Front 71

assimilation

Back 71

individuals' acceptance of the customs and values of their new culture and subsequent rejection or abandonment of the behaviors and values of their old culture

Front 72

integration

Back 72

the acceptance of the major features of both cultures

Front 73

marginalization

Back 73

the rejection of both cultures

Front 74

political censorship

Back 74

defenders of this form of censorship argue that restrictions on info are necessary to protect social order and stability

Front 75

ideological censorship

Back 75

various societal institutions (organized religion, government) establish principles about the society's past, present, and future; info that challenges these principles is prohibited from publication

Front 76

moral censorship

Back 76

local communities develop particular informal standards of morality and decency; in addition, some laws prescribe the standards to be followed in communications among businesses, institutions, and the media