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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

US policing is considered a centralized or decentralized nature?

decentralized

Are most policing systems in the world decentralized?

?

The majority of scholars define policing as its capacity to use ______?

force.

What are the three major functions of policing?

Service delivery, law enforcement, order maintenance.

James Wilson suggested that _____ is the most important and troublesome among the three major police functions.

order maintenance.

Most research showed that 90% of police activities are primarily for crime detection?

False, most police officers spend little time on this, and simply react to a crime after it has happened.

Police function is considered the "front end" or "back end" of the criminal justice system?

Front end.

Formal or informal social control works best in a bigger and diverse society? And why?

Formal controls work better with a bigger and more diverse society, because the less mutual understanding and sharing of values there is likely to be among members.

_____ refers to the process in which members of the group are trained or taught the rules of what constitute proper or improper behavior.

Socialization.

Pros of police discretion

1. Prioritize/maximize resources


2. Efficiency - pick the good cases


3. Challenging


4. More authoriy

Cons of police discretion

1. Abuse of power


2. Disparity of enforcement


3. Discrimination - profiling


4. Police corruptions


5. Avoiding duty

What are the three primary correlates of policing in America?

People, organization, and community

What do we mean by the "Balance of Forces" as a means of understanding the police?

Policing represents the balancing of competing and often conflicting forces in society, which exist on community, organizational, and individual levels.

What is the sequence of three stages of police evolution? Formal, transitional, informal?

A. Informal


B. Transitional


C. Formal/Modern

What did Durkheim mean by a mechanical v. organic organization?

Mechanical org (primitive): Members of the group share similar beliefs and activities and thus depends on a collective conscious.



Organic org (industrial): The members of the group are dependent on one another because the tasks of society are specialized, and thus the role of a collective conscious is not as great in creating a social order.



In mechanical, individuals are independent, and their collective conscious is the basis for their social cohesion. In organic, their interdependence for meeting basic needs is the basis for social cohesion.

Collective Conscious is the characteristics of which organization?

A mechanical organization

The police force is necessary in a mechanical or organic organization?

Organic

Why Durkheim suggested that a certain level of crime and disorder in a society is normal? That is, why a society needs crime?

A. Shows a boundary between law and expected behavior.



B. Unites a diverse society (common enemy).



C. Promotes social change - Dr. King, etc.



(Not included w/ Durkeheim. D. Creates jobs).

Elites usually support or against the creation of police force? Why?

They support a strong police force to protect their vested interests. A social disorder or revolution would affect that.

Continental v. British model of policing. What are their major differences?

Continental/European: Armed, centralized, emphasize political and administrative control.



British/Anglo-Saxon: Local, on crime control and order maintenance.

Understand the general police objectives in different countries, such as Russia, Japan, France, etc.

Russia/Soviet Union: Censorship and undercover, KGB, control all.



Japan: Fast to adopt British and then French model. Taiwan used Japanese model.



France: Due to constant chaos, used police to maintain order and control dissidents.



Italy: Used police to control political opposition.



Imperial Rome: Centralized force to protect the emperor.

Tythings definition

10 families grouped together into a governmental unit.

Shire reeve definition

(Sheriff) - oversaw 100 families, or 10 tythings. Family lines, local control.

Shire reeve v. Constable

The constable was the Norman law-enforcement title equal to the England "hundred man" or shire reeve. The title Constable was eventually considered superior because of its Norman derivation.

Who was the father of modern policing?

Sir Robert Peel

What were the strategies Robert Peel utilized to help create the London Metropolitan Police Dept.?

A. Political skills and wisdom



B. Utilitarianism - protect well being of whole society



C. Check and balance - separation of power.



Metropolitan police act of 1829 - well trained professionals to prevent crime.

Who are the two major philosophers who proposed the idea of utilitarianism?

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

What is utilitarianism? And how did it contribute to the creation of police forces?

The belief that the greatest benefit goes to most people. Deterrence, punishment fits the crime. The police limits some citizen's rights but protect the well-being of the whole society.

Why overly harsh punishment will not enhance the effect of deterrence?

1. If rob-and-kill and shoplifting all lead to death penalty, why do the latter?



2. Mandatory sentencing led to more plea bargaining. Jury and judge less likely to convict.



3. Put law enforcement officers in jeopardy - resist arrest at all costs.

Did the early US policing follow British model or totally reject the British model?

Followed British model of policing.

Did the early US policing start with professional and centralized forces?

No

How did one become a police officer in the 1850s?

Sheriff: appointed by the governor.


???

In political model, police officers were more loyal to police chief or political wards?

Political wards.

Describe the background and factors that Northeastern states started their police depts...

a. Commercial and industrial economy: Rise in crime and riots and threat of disorder.



b. Each city developed its own police.



c. First modern American police - New York City in 1845.



d. Local, municipal organization - link to neighborhoods.

Major mission of policing in the South in 1800s-1900s; which city is the capital of slave trade?

Charleston, South Carolina.

Vigilantes are known in which region of the country?

The Frontier. They are committees are vigilance that form to combat particular instances of crime or disorder.

Compare and contrast the differences between US and British police

British: policing is centralized, controlled by Parliament.



US: locally controlled.

Political Era: General problems of this era - political influence, centralized? Self direction? how to get a job as an officer?

Need to be loyal to political leaders to become an officer. Decentralized, no control.




Problems: Lack of self-direction. political spoils system (good old boy system). Police brutality, used to gain compliance. Corruption. Served the interests of local factions.

"Copper" v. "Bobby", and which tends to use force and brutality, and why?

Bobbies: In London, respected and appreciated. Used restraint.



Coppers: In America, depended on personal authority which resulted in violence and brutality.

The two major proponents of the professional model:

August Vollmer and Orlando W. Wilson.

Reasons why police administrators and the middle-class pushed for professionalism.

1. Urban elites concerned with lack of enforcement of the law by police.



2. Police administrators accepted crime control as police's function because it was the one thing for which police alone had responsibility.

The characteristics of the professional model: tech, specialization, focus on crime control or service...

Focus on crime control, specialized in law enforcement, used technology such as motorized patrol, autonomous, efficient, effective, status and respect.

Pioneer and concepts of "Problem-Oriented Policing"

Herman Goldstein, 1980.



Uses SARA model: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment.

Pioneer and concepts of "Broken Window" theory

Herman Goldstein, 1980.



Proactive measure, fix it before it gets worse, prevention is the key.

Why reform model which emphasized professionalism and efficiency were criticized after 1960s and 1970s?

1. Not reduced frime (not effective): response time, patrol, etc.



2. Not accountable for community needs.



3. Brutality: toward civil rights movement, other racial and religious groups.

What were the major recommendations to do differently from the reform (professionalism) model?

Fix tension of police-community relationship



Reduce crime (professionalism did not)



Focus on fear of crime

What are the major goals of professional model v. community policing? Crime-fighting or quality of life? What types of restructure were needed to meet the goals of community policing?

Community policing:



Focus on quality of life, police and community enter into a partnership to address problems.



Org. restructure: Less centralized and set up substations in local community to be accessible and officers run their own beats.

Compare political model, reform model, and community policing model. Indicate why one model needs reform/change and why later on it loses appeal and is replaced by another model.

Political: Decentralized, corrupt, spoils system, loyal to political leaders, police brutality, reflect social values.



Reform: Autonomous, efficient, status and respect, primary task is crime control, police are attached to bureaucracies not politicians, and use of technology.



Community: Task is quality of life, not crime rate. Police and community enter into partnership, less centralized, substations, accessible officers.



Changes in elites leads to changes in policing. Emergence of the urban middle class. Police functions respond to social, economic, and political change accordingly.

A-hole article -


The a-hole unites policeman through the _____ phenomena.


"invisible church"

A-hole article -


What is street justice?

When a policeman "remedies" a situation.