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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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logic
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study of methods for evaluating arguements
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method
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arguement
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set of statements, one of which, called the conclusion, is affirmed on the basis of the others, which are called the premises.
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valid arguement
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it is necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true
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invalid arguement
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it is NOT necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true
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sound arguement
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it is VALID, and all its PREMISES are TRUE
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Unsound arguement
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is one that either is invalid or has at least one false premise
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deductive logic
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the part of logic that concerns tests for validity and invalidity
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counterexample
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a substitution instance whose premises are well-known truths and whose conclusion is a well known falsehood
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Modus ponens
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if A, then B. A. so, b
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Modus tollens
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if A, then B. not B, so not A
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Hypothetical syllogism
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If A, then B. If B, then C. So, If A, then C.
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Disjunctive syllogism
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Either A or B. Not A. so, B.
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Constructive Dilemma
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either A or B. If A, then C. If B, then D. So, either C or D.
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Denying the antecedent
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If A, then B. Not A. so, not B.
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Affirming the consequent
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if A, then B. B. so, A
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strong arguement
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it is probable that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true
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weak arguement
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it is not probable that if the premises are true then the conclusion is true
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cogent arguement
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it is strong, and all of its premises are true
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uncogent arguement
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either weak, or strong with one false premise
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inductive logic
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part of logic that is concerned with strength and weakness
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premise indicators
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because, since, for, as, after all, based on the reason that
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conclusion indicators
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so, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly, it follows that
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discount
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acknowledgement of a fact or possibility that could render the arguement invalid/weak...
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discount indicators
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although, even though,
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hedge
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a word/statement that indicates the author is tentative about a premise... IE i think that, it seems that, perhaps, maybe
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