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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Automaticity
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the cell's ability to fire
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excitability
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ability to become simulated
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conductivity
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to receive an impulse, then send it on
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phase 0
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cardiac muscle cells rapidly depolarize. Sodium enters the cell and potassium leaves changing from negative to positive state
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phase 1
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early repolarization sodium channel closes
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phase 2
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plateau - calcium entering into the cell through calcium channels is slowed
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phase 3
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final repolarization - outward movement of potassium
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phase 4
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resting phase
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how many bundles go to each ventricle?
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The right ventricle has one bundle, and the left ventricle has to bundles
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causes of PVCs
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respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia, pharmacological agents etc.
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name the two branches of the autonomic nervous system
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parasympathetic and sympathetic
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what controls the parasympathetic nervous system?
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The vagus nerve
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what does a vagal response cause?
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It slows impulse conduction, decreases the force of contraction, and decreases the rate
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will sinus bradycardia with decreased cardiac output is treated how?
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Atropine, epinephrine, dopamine
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what can cause a vagal stimulation?
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Straining while lifting, stooling, can also be caused by ventilators, endotracheal tubes etc.
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sinus bradycardia is usually only treated if __________?
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symptomatic i.e. hypotension, pale skin, angina, syncope, decreased LOC
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chronic sinus bradycardia may require a ________
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pacemaker
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in a normal heart, what are some clinical associations with SVT?
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Over exertion, emotional stress, stimulants
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SVT can also occur in AV block or WPW… What is WPW?
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Stands for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, abnormal preexcitation of the ventricles through the bundle of Kent.
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SVT can also occur due to:
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digoxin toxicity, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, cor pulmonale, electrolyte imbalances, fluid volume imbalance, hypoxemia, altered body temperature, and myocardial infarction.
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How fast it is SVT?
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Rate = greater than 180 bpm
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what may trigger a run of SVT?
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PACs
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clinical symptoms of SVT:
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decreased cardiac output, palpitations, hypotension, dyspnea, angina
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what is the treatment for SVT, or supraventricular tachycardia?
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Vagal maneuvers, IV adenosine, Verapamil
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if vagal maneuvers, adenosine, and verapamil do not work what is the next treatment?
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DC (direct current) cardioversion
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explain the two syringe method for adenosine administration
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give 6 mg rapid IV push followed by 20 mL normal saline bolus… If no conversion after 2 min. give 12 mg rapid IV push followed by normal saline bolus
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what are the side effects of adenosine?
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Flushing, chest pain/tightness, asystole or bradycardia
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premature atrial contractions or PACs are what?
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There contractions originating from ectopic focus atrium in location other than SA node
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what are some causes of PACs
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can result from: emotional stress, caffeine/tobacco/alcohol, hypoxia, drugs, electrolyte imbalance, COPD, valvular disease
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what is the significance of PACs?
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In those with healthy hearts, none. In persons with heart disease, may be a warning sign of more serious dysrhythmia.
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Atrial flutter would be described how?
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An atrial rate of 250-350 bpm... Since the AV node can only handle 200 bpm, many are blocked... Intraocular rate may be seen in a 1:1, 2:1, or 4:1 pattern.
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premature atrial contraction, or PACs are treated with what, and what is the goal?
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They're treated with beta blockers, Cardizem, amiodarone, clonidine, magnesium, or reduction/elimination of caffeine… The goal is to slow the conduction through the AV node
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CONTRACTION OF THE VENTRICALS IS
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SYSTOLE
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When cells repolarize and the ventricles relax this is call
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Diastole
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The sympathetic stimulation caused the vessels to constrict or dilate, therefore increasing blood pressure
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Constrict
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