Criminology Ii

Front 1

The Bond to conformist society has 4 strands:

Back 1

1) Attachment - Degree to which children are sensitive to expectations of parents/teachers.
2) Commitment - Amount of time/energy youths invest in activities.( Obtaining good grades.)
3) Involvement - Involvement in world of conformity leaves little time for delinquency.
4) Belief - Degree in which youths believe that conformist values of parents/teachers are worthy of respect.

Front 2

Gottfredson & Hirschi: Crimes and analogous behaviour share common elements:

Back 2

- Provide immediate gratification of desires.
- Exciting, risky or thrilling.
- Provide few/meagre long-term benefits.
- Require little planning/skill.
- Can result in pain/discomfort for victim.

Front 3

Crime as a type of activity appeals to people who are (4):

Back 3

- Impulsive
- Short-sighted
- Risk-taking
- Nonverbal

Front 4

Self-fulfilling Prophecy:

Back 4

People who are perceived as beyond redemption will come to act as if they are.

Front 5

Colvin: 2 dimensions to coercion:

Back 5

1) The strength of the force.

2) The consistency with which coercion is applied.

Front 6

Trajectories:

Back 6

The pathways on which people are located and the directions in which their lives seem to be moving.

Front 7

Transitions:

Back 7

Specific life events that may/may not alter those trajectories.

Front 8

Social Disorganization:

Back 8

Long-term deterioration of social order/control in a population.

Front 9

Deterrence:

Back 9

How threats are communicated to potential offenders.

Front 10

Specific/Special Deterrence:

Back 10

How individuals are deterred.

Front 11

General Deterrence:

Back 11

Individuals are deterred from breaking the law when they watch others who have done so receive punishment.

Front 12

Deterrence: 3 Properties

Back 12

i) Severity
ii) Certainty - How likely offender will be apprehended and sentenced.
iii) Celerity - Swiftness which an offender is apprehended and punished.

Front 13

3 types of sanctions:

Back 13

i) Commitment costs - arrest may jeopardize investments in legitimate activity.
ii) Attachment costs - costs associated with loss of valued relationships with friends/family members.
iii) Stigma of Arrest - belief that apprehension may harm one's reputation.

Front 14

Situational Deterrence:

Back 14

Ways in which offender's fear of apprehension are related to circumstances of criminal event.

Front 15

2 types of danger in pre-criminal situation:

Back 15

i) Immediate - Barking dog

ii) Subsequent harm relating to some element in pre-criminal situation - CCTV

Front 16

3 factors of "victimology":

Back 16

i) Most important theoretical ideas in offender-centred criminology developed in 1930's.
ii) Development of victimization surveys (1970)
iii) Dramatic rise in levels of predatory crime. (1960)

Front 17

Hot Spots:

Back 17

High crime locations.

Front 18

Metroreef:

Back 18

Emerge when metropolises begin to merge into a single organism, endless urban sprawl.

Front 19

3 main categories of transactions:

Back 19

i) Individual deviance - one individual playing a deviant/criminal role.
ii) Deviant exchange - Two people playing cooperative roles.
iii) Deviant exploitation - Involves parties in conflict.

Front 20

Skogan: 4 meanings of fear

Back 20

i) Concern - Understanding crime to be a serious problem in community.
ii) Risk - Become victims of crime in the future.
iii) Threat - Potential harm people believe crime hold for them.
iv) Behaviour - What they do in response to crime.

Front 21

Characteristics of Families:
Gelles and Straus (1988)

Back 21

i) Family life provides social setting for conflict.
ii) Family life is private life.
iii) Cultural attitudes toward family violence are highly ambivalent.
iv) Family is a hierarchical institution.