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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Bond to conformist society has 4 strands:
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1) Attachment - Degree to which children are sensitive to expectations of parents/teachers.
2) Commitment - Amount of time/energy youths invest in activities.( Obtaining good grades.) 3) Involvement - Involvement in world of conformity leaves little time for delinquency. 4) Belief - Degree in which youths believe that conformist values of parents/teachers are worthy of respect. |
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Gottfredson & Hirschi: Crimes and analogous behaviour share common elements:
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- Provide immediate gratification of desires.
- Exciting, risky or thrilling. - Provide few/meagre long-term benefits. - Require little planning/skill. - Can result in pain/discomfort for victim. |
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Crime as a type of activity appeals to people who are (4):
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- Impulsive
- Short-sighted - Risk-taking - Nonverbal |
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy:
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People who are perceived as beyond redemption will come to act as if they are.
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Colvin: 2 dimensions to coercion:
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1) The strength of the force.
2) The consistency with which coercion is applied. |
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Trajectories:
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The pathways on which people are located and the directions in which their lives seem to be moving.
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Transitions:
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Specific life events that may/may not alter those trajectories.
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Social Disorganization:
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Long-term deterioration of social order/control in a population.
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Deterrence:
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How threats are communicated to potential offenders.
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Specific/Special Deterrence:
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How individuals are deterred.
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General Deterrence:
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Individuals are deterred from breaking the law when they watch others who have done so receive punishment.
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Deterrence: 3 Properties
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i) Severity
ii) Certainty - How likely offender will be apprehended and sentenced. iii) Celerity - Swiftness which an offender is apprehended and punished. |
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3 types of sanctions:
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i) Commitment costs - arrest may jeopardize investments in legitimate activity.
ii) Attachment costs - costs associated with loss of valued relationships with friends/family members. iii) Stigma of Arrest - belief that apprehension may harm one's reputation. |
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Situational Deterrence:
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Ways in which offender's fear of apprehension are related to circumstances of criminal event.
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2 types of danger in pre-criminal situation:
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i) Immediate - Barking dog
ii) Subsequent harm relating to some element in pre-criminal situation - CCTV |
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3 factors of "victimology":
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i) Most important theoretical ideas in offender-centred criminology developed in 1930's.
ii) Development of victimization surveys (1970) iii) Dramatic rise in levels of predatory crime. (1960) |
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Hot Spots:
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High crime locations.
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Metroreef:
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Emerge when metropolises begin to merge into a single organism, endless urban sprawl.
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3 main categories of transactions:
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i) Individual deviance - one individual playing a deviant/criminal role.
ii) Deviant exchange - Two people playing cooperative roles. iii) Deviant exploitation - Involves parties in conflict. |
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Skogan: 4 meanings of fear
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i) Concern - Understanding crime to be a serious problem in community.
ii) Risk - Become victims of crime in the future. iii) Threat - Potential harm people believe crime hold for them. iv) Behaviour - What they do in response to crime. |
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Characteristics of Families:
Gelles and Straus (1988) |
i) Family life provides social setting for conflict.
ii) Family life is private life. iii) Cultural attitudes toward family violence are highly ambivalent. iv) Family is a hierarchical institution. |