Criminology Final

Front 1

How do developmental theories seek to explain crime?

Back 1

These theories emphasize that individuals’ criminal propensity develops along different pathways.​

They explore the onset, acceleration, and deceleration of offending, through to desistance.​

Crime varies across the life course, with most criminal involvement occurring in adolescence.​

The theories are “integrative” (to varying degrees) in that they take into account social, psychological, and biological factors simultaneously.​

Age has been found to decrease negative emotionality and increase conscientiousness.​

Adolescents experience a “time lapse” between their emotional experiences and their rational judgment.

Front 2

Super Trait Theory

Back 2

Robert Agnew​

Main argument: The two underlying traits of low self-control and irritability are “super traits” that encompass many specific risk factors, such as impulsivity, sensation seeking, etc.​

Negative responses from others which further perpetuate the risk.​

Agnew recognizes the impact of biological as well as environmental factors.​

His trait of “irritability” is analogous to what most psychologists refer to as “negative emotionality.”​

Front 3

Dual Taxonomy Theory

Back 3

Terrie Moffitt​

Main argument: Moffitt draws the distinction between adolescent limited (AL) offenders and life-course persistent (LCP) offenders​

Front 4

Age Graded Development Theory

Back 4

-Sampson and Laub

-extension of Social Bond Theory and Self Control Theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi)

- onset, persistence, and desistance of criminal behavior over time.

-why some antisocial children do not become criminals

-

bonds vary throughout the life course (i.e., are age-graded). ​

As a child, an individual is bonded to his/her parent(s) who exert social control directly (i.e., monitoring) and indirectly (i.e., attachment). ​

As an adolescent, an individual is bonded to school and peers. ​

Finally, in adulthood, an individual is bonded to their spouse and their job

acquiring a prosocial association later in life, such as entering a positive marriage or beginning a new prosocial employment, can increase informal and direct social control, alter the individual’s routine activities and change the individual’s perception of self-worth, which in turn decreases the likelihood of reoffending. ​

In other words, a person may desist from criminal activity once he/she had formed social bonds in adulthood.

sometimes people just decide to no longer engage in criminal behavior (i.e., human agency).

Front 5

Different Pathways to Boy Delinquency

Back 5

Overt- pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent delinquency

Covert- pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud

Front 6

Adolescent-Limited Offenders

Back 6

-12-18

-14-16

-Maturity Gap

-Social Mimickery

They start offending at around 14-15 years old​

Their offenses are usually minor forms of delinquency​

They continue to commit offenses for 2-3 years then they desist​

Front 7

Life-course Persistent Offenders

Back 7

Relatively small proportion of the population, somewhere between 4-9% of all males​

Offenders who follow this trajectory engage in a variety of antisocial behaviors throughout the life course​

Their antisocial tendencies appear early in childhood and continue to be manifested through adolescence and into adulthood​

As young children, these individuals stand out form other children as more aggressive and difficult to manage​

They come to the attention of the police when they are still preteens, and during their teenage years they commit more serious offenses than other teenagers​

As adults, these individuals continue to lead very troubled lives

Front 8

Risk Factors for Delinquency

Back 8

-male

-ADHD

-Aggresion

-Bad parenting

-Substance abuse

-antisocial peers

-neglect

-antisocial behavior

-low IQ

Front 9

Protective Factors for Delinquency

Back 9

-female

-high IQ

-intolerant attitude toward deviance

-prosocial activity

-supportive parents

-parental monitoring

Front 10

Aggravated vs Simple Assault

Back 10

Aggravated includes weapon

Front 11

Burglary

Back 11

The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft

Front 12

Larceny

Back 12

The unlawul taking, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another.

Front 13

Robbery

Back 13

The taking or attempted taking of anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or putting the victim in fear.

Front 14

Highest risk of being rape victim

Back 14

young, poor, unmarried, nonwhite, female.

Front 15

Highest risk of being a murder victim

Back 15

young, nonwhite, male.

Front 16

When and where do most robberies occur

Back 16

night, highway or street

Front 17

Most common relationship between victims and offenders

Back 17

intrasexual and instraracial

Front 18

Mass Muder

Back 18

killing of several people at one location within minutes or hours.

Front 19

Spree Murder

Back 19

The killing of several people at different locations over several days.

Front 20

Serial Murder

Back 20

The killing of 3 or more victims over an extended period of time with a cooling off period.

Front 21

How do feminists perceive rape?

Back 21

-about power, not sex

-any man is a potential rapist

-learned behavior

Front 22

Four Typologies of a Serial Killer

Back 22

-Hedonistic

-Mission Oriented

-Power/Control

-Visionary

Front 23

Hedonistic Serial Killer

Back 23

The majority of serial killers; they kill for the thrill and joy of it, engaging in cruel and perverted sexual activity.

Front 24

Mission-Oriented Serial Killer

Back 24

Feel it is their mission in life to kill people such as prostitutes or homosexuals.​

Front 25

Power/Control Serial Killer

Back 25

Gain primary satisfaction from exercising complete power of his victims rather than from “bloodlust,” although sexual activity is almost always involved. ​

Front 26

Visionary Serial Killer

Back 26

Out of touch with reality; may be psychotic or schizophrenic, and commit murder due to visions or “voices in their head.”

Front 27

Under what circumstances do women tend to kill?

Back 27

Self-defense

Front 28

Most Common Property Crime in US

Back 28

Larceny-Theft

Front 29

Fence

Back 29

Person who regularly buys stolen property for resale and who often has a legitimate business to cover his or her activities.

Front 30

Jockeys

Back 30

Professional auto thieves who steal particularly high-value vehicles “to order” for specific customers.​

Front 31

Hackers

Back 31

Someone who illicitly accesses someone else’s computer system.​

Front 32

Uttering

Back 32

the passing of that document to another with knowledge of its falsity with intent to defraud.

Front 33

Identity Theft

Back 33

The use of someone else’s personal information without their permission to fraudulently obtain goods and services.​

Front 34

Phishing

Back 34

Casting thousands of fraudulent emails asking for personal information, and waiting for someone to bite.

Front 35

Piracy

Back 35

Illegally copying and distributing software for free or for sale.​

Front 36

Denial of Service Attack

Back 36

Occurs when criminals “kidnap” a business website or threatens to kidnap it so that business cannot be conducted. ​

​

DoS attacks are accomplished by overloading the victim’s computer system by flooding it with millions of bogus messages and useless data.​

Front 37

Forgery

Back 37

The creation or alteration of documents to give them the appearance of legality and validity with the intention of gaining fraudulent benefit from them.

Front 38

Embezzlement

Back 38

The misappropriation or misapplication of money entrusted to the embezzler’s care, custody, or control.

Front 39

Fraud

Back 39

Theft by trick; i.e., obtaining the money or property of another through deceptive practices such as false advertising and impersonation.

Front 40

Salami Technique

Back 40

Embezzlers open accounts in their own name, and slice off a few cents from a large number of accounts.​

Front 41

What motivates a person to commit arson?

Back 41

Financial Gain​

Revenge​

Intimidation​

Expressive Motivations

Front 42

Public Order Crimes

Back 42

These are the “moving target” type—legal in some places and at some times, and illegal at other times and in other places.​

mala pohibita

Front 43

Hallucinogenics

Back 43

Hallucinogenic/mind-altering drugs.​

Examples: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Peyote​

Front 44

Narcotics

Back 44

Reduce the sense of pain, tension, and anxiety, and produce a drowsy sense of euphoria.

Example: Heroin

Front 45

Stimulants

Back 45

Keep the body in an extended state of arousal.​

Examples: Cocaine and Methamphamine​

Front 46

Relationship between drug use and crime

Back 46

-The data clearly indicate that illicit drug abuse is associated with criminal behavior, but the causal relationship is unclear.

-A large body of research indicates that drug abuse does not appear to initiate a criminal career, although it does increase the extent and seriousness of one.

Front 47

Pharmacomological Violence

Back 47

Induced by the pharmacological properties of the drug itself.​

Front 48

Economic-compulsive Violencce

Back 48

Associated with efforts to obtain money to finance the high cost of illicit drugs.

Front 49

Systemic Violence

Back 49

Associated with the business of drug manufacturing and transportation. ​

Front 50

Harrison Act

Back 50

-1914 congressional act that criminalized the sale and use of narcotics.

-changed the way we saw drugs

-decreased drug addiction

-Spawned Criminal Black Market

Front 51

Type 1 Alcoholism

Back 51

“Characterized by mild abuse, minimal criminality, and passive-dependent personality variables.” (high functioning alcoholic-environmental influences more)

Front 52

Type 2 Acoholism

Back 52

"Characterized by early onset, violence, and criminality, and is largely limited to males.” (imposes on every day life)

Front 53

5 Categories of Drugs

Back 53

Schedule I: High abuse liability and no medical use in the U.S.​ (heroin)

Schedule II: High abuse liability, but some approved medical uses.​ (Oxycontin)

Schedule III and IV: Moderate to moderately high abuse liability, and are legally available with prescription.​ (Xanex)

Schedule V: Can be purchased without a prescription.​ (Tylenol)​

Front 54

World's Oldest Profession

Back 54

Prostitution

Front 55

Drug Use Peaks at age

Back 55

18-20