Criminology

Front 1

The explanation of criminal behavior, as well as behavior of police, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice process is referred to as:

Back 1

Criminological Theory

Front 2

Which school emphasizes the roles of free will and reasonable punishments?

Back 2

Classical School

Front 3

Providing models that permit a better understanding of criminal behavior and enhances the development of strategies is the ultimate goal of:

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Research

Front 4

Some theories assume that crime is a part of human nature and human beings are born evil. In those theories, human nature is examined in relation to:

Back 4

Crime

Front 5

An explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation is:

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Hypothesis

Front 6

The use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search of knowledge is called?

Back 6

Research

Front 7

Some theories assume that crime is caused by biological factors. Which of the following would apply?

Back 7

Chromosome abnormalities

Front 8

For Cesare Beccaria, the basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments and the right to punish, is:

Back 8

The Social Contract

Front 9

A set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events is referred to as:

Back 9

Theory

Front 10

Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period in history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s?

Back 10

Classical Theory

Front 11

Which of the following is one of the six ways Cesare Beccaria recommended to prevent crime?

Back 11

Educate the public

Front 12

Which theorist believed that only justified rationale for laws and punishments is the principle of utility, that is, "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number?"

Back 12

Beccaria

Front 13

Some theories assume that crime is caused by sociological factors, such as:

Back 13

Inadequate socialization

Front 14

Something that is taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation.

Back 14

Hypothesis

Front 15

Some theories assume that crime is caused by economic factors, such as:

Back 15

Unemployment

Front 16

Who wrote the Essays on Crime and Punishment?

Back 16

Cesare Beccaria

Front 17

What is a violation of social norms defining appropriate of proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances?

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Deviance

Front 18

What gains explanatory power from inherent logical consistency and is "tested" by how well it describes and predicts reality?

Back 18

Theory

Front 19

Some theories assume that crime is caused by psychological factors, such as:

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Below-level intelligence

Front 20

Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality?

Back 20

Classical theory

Front 21

Which theory concedes that insanity is a factor that might inhibit the exercise of free will?

Back 21

Neoclassical theory

Front 22

The principle difference between classical and neoclassical theory has to do with classical theory's assumption about:

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Free will

Front 23

Most of what is done in criminal justice is based on:

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Neoclassical theory

Front 24

There has been a revival of classical and neoclassical theories during the past three decades. The more modern version is:

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Rational Choice Theory

Front 25

An untested theory is simply a:

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Hypothesis

Front 26

Who termed his philosophy of social control a utilitarianism?

Back 26

Bentham

Front 27

Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as:

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Neoclassical

Front 28

Beccaria believed that the only legitimate purpose of punishments is:

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Deterrence

Front 29

According to Beccaria punishments must be prompt and necessary and:

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Public

Front 30

Who devised the hedonistic calculus?

Back 30

Jeremy Bentham

Front 31

The theories of Maslow and Halleck are fundamentally psychoanalytic, so why are they referred to as humanistic?

Back 31

They assume that people are good even though the are influenced by society to act bad

Front 32

Atavism is

Back 32

A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution

Front 33

Sigmund Freud believed that some people who had unresolved deep-seated problems were psychopaths or:

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Sociopaths

Front 34

Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because is offers gratifications(psychological advantages) that could not be achieved otherwise

Back 34

Seymour Halleck

Front 35

Who argued that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or "stigmata" such as enormous jaws, high cheekbones, insensitivity to pain, etc.?

Back 35

Cesare Lombroso

Front 36

Most psychological theories of crime make certain fundamental assumptions. Among them is that:

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Crime is caused be exercise of free will

Front 37

What is atavism?

Back 37

A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution

Front 38

Richard is described as soft and fat, with short tapered limbs. Based on these characteristics which of Sheldon's somatotype in described?

Back 38

Endomorphic

Front 39

This system is believed to moderate expressions of violence; and emotion such as anger, rage, and fear, and sexual response.

Back 39

Limbic system

Front 40

With whom are psychoanalytic theories of crime causation associated?

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Sigmund Freud

Front 41

Which school of criminology explains criminal behavior by looking at physical characteristics and/or gender makeup?

Back 41

Biological School

Front 42

Which type of individuals did William Sheldon believe was most prone to aggression, violence, and delinquency?

Back 42

Mesomorphic

Front 43

Which of Sheldon's body types has a relative predominance of muscle, bone, and connective tissue?

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Mesomorphs

Front 44

Which school explains criminal behavior by looking at gene structure, hormones, and inheritance?

Back 44

Biological school

Front 45

Family Trees, twin studies and statistical comparisons are examples of what type of studies?

Back 45

Hereditary Studies

Front 46

Which of the following theorists suggested that criminal tendencies might be inherited?

Back 46

Richard Dugdale

Front 47

Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals?

Back 47

Biological positivism

Front 48

Impulsive murderers and arsonists have been found to have low levels of which brain neurotransmitter?

Back 48

Serotonin

Front 49

This theory highlights the role of human DNA, environmental contaminants, nutrition and hormones as causes of crime:

Back 49

psychobiological theory

Front 50

What did Lombroso call a person predisposed to crime?

Back 50

and atavist

Front 51

Under the chromosome theory a human displaying the XYY chromosome structure is classified as a/an:

Back 51

supermale

Front 52

This male sex hormone has been linked to aggressiveness in males and violence of sex offenders.

Back 52

Testosterone

Front 53

Research had implicated this system as a cause of physical abuse, antisocial behavior and psychopathology when it malfunctions.

Back 53

Endocrine system

Front 54

Which school of criminology is associated with the body type theory?

Back 54

Biological school

Front 55

Which of the following biological theorists is associated with atavism?

Back 55

Lombroso

Front 56

Which of the following biological criminologists developed phrenology?

Back 56

Franz Gall

Front 57

Which biological theorist studied the Kallikak family?

Back 57

Henry Goddard

Front 58

Which body type is characterized by thinness, fragility and delicacy of the body?

Back 58

Ectomorphic

Front 59

"You are what you eat" is an old maxim related to the:

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Biocriminology

Front 60

Theorists have suggested that high blood levels of caffeine and sugar produce:

Back 60

Antisocial behavior

Front 71

1

Front 89

jf

Back 89

nf

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kid

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