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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Luckenbill's 4 Stage Transaction b/w offender and victim |
1. Offender creates co-presence with victim closing in w/o being seen 2. Offender initiates robbery, victim resists or not. Offender decides how much force is needed-creating a common robbery frame 3. Property is transferred-controlled by offender, but victime may not adhere to frame, outsiders may disrupt, offender may muck it up 4. Transfer is complete, offender tries to escape
It's an unequal transaction-not b/w equals
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Fencing: buying, selling, or dealing in stolen goods |
Amateur-activity of regular part-time purchase of genuine quality merchandise for purpose of selling cheaply for interest of those involved. no $, don't deal with expensive or large amnts of goods, sells to friends/family, reaffirms relationships Professional-purchase large amnts, discrete, ties to legit businesses, specialized, opposite of the thief in appearance and demeanor, in both worlds, has in with police |
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Nonoccupationally Related Frauds |
1. Check Fraud 2. Credit-Card Fraud 3. Income-Tax Fraud
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Check Fraud |
deliberately deceiving someone for personal economic gain by producing a counterfeit or forged check, sometimes done unknowingly. |
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Consensus Theory |
Juxtaposed with conflict theory to suggest that most people hold certain key values in common and that social structures are based on it Society is held together by common accepted values of right and wrong. Social change happens slowly |
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Conflict Theory |
Suggests that crime, criminalization, and criminal law must be seen in the overriding context of social, economic, and political inequality. There is little agreement on basic values because society is made up of many competing groups=with different interests. Social change happens in a disruptive way. |
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Burglars on Burglary |
1.Need for $ is primary motivation for involvement 2. cannot compete in labor market b/c poorly educated, unskilled, and addicts 3.means for a burglar to "be somebody" 4.Burglars use $ for food, shelter, and clothing, mostly for partying |
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Fencing: buying selling, or dealing in stolen goods |
Self-fencing: selling the stolen goods to people who do not know the goods are stolen or selling them to consumers who are unconcerned with their origin. Amateur fencers: regular part-time purchase of genuine quality merchandise (usually, though not necessarily, stolen) for the purpose of selling cheaply for the interest of those involved. Rarely make money. Price of good is determined by relationship between fencer and buyer. Professional fencers: can purchase larger amounts of merchandise, ask less questions, and are motivated to be discrete. They have one foot in the legit business world and one foot in the crime world.
Fencing is important because it gives the criminal a way to dispose of or move their stolen goods. |
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Typologies of Motor Vehicle Thieves-McCaghy, Giordano and Henson |
1. Joyriding-recreational, short-term, theft of car is symbolic 2. Short-term transportation: like joyriding but they actually use the car for transportation 3. Long-term transportation: stealing with the intent of keeping it for long-time personal use. Repaints etc before returning 4. Commission of another crime: steal the car to help them commit another crime, very small portion of auto thefts 5. Profit: amateurs: steal it and strip it of easily accessible parts and sell to friends. Professionals: highly organized, alter the VIN etc |
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Credit-Card Fraud |
Check guarantee fraud: when people "ride" a stolen credit card-or several cards-by cashing checks (also stolen) in numerous bank branches in the shortest possible time. Purchase check and purchase credit-card fraud: using stolen checks and credit cards to purchase goods from retail stores. Usually done by organized groups Counterfeiting cards: obvious-done by fraudsters |
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Income-Tax Fraud |
Tax avoidance: individuals may underreport wages Tax evasion: intentionally paying less of one's tax bill than is legally required
People sometimes commit income-tax fraud by accident because the tax laws are so confusing. |
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Amateur, Persistent and Professional Property Offenders |
Amateur: opportunistic, unsophisticated, no planning, steal a variety of easily gettable items, don't think of themselves as thieves, impulsive, low risk Persistent: planned, need $, work alone (groups draw attention), lower and working class, thinks they are a criminal Professional: It's their lifestyle, specialized, knows they are a criminal, highly skilled, experienced, rely on tips from contacts. One foot in the legit business world and one foot in the crime world. |
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Daly and Chesney-Lind's 5 Core Elements of Feminist Thought |
1. Gender is not a natural fact but a complex social, historical, and cultural product; it is related to, but not simply derived from, biological sex differences and reproductive capacities. 2. Gender and gender relations order social life and social institutions in fundamental ways. 3. Gender relations and constructs of masculinity and femininity are not symmetrical but are based on an organizing principle of men's superiority and social and political-economic dominance over women 4. Systems of knowledge reflect men's views of the natural and social world; the production of knowledge is gendered 5. Women should be at the center of intellectual inquiry, not peripheral, invisible or appendages to men. |
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What did feminist criminologists bring to the table that traditional criminology texts didn't? |
-Thought of crime in terms of gender-role socialization -Did studies on female offenders, victims and working in the criminal justice system |
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Sutherland's Differential Association (3) |
1. Criminal behavior is learned within intimate personal groups in an interactive process of communication. Not inherited biologically. 2. learning of criminal behavior includes instruction in techniques of crime and in motivational values favorable to committing it. These values are learned from definitions that state whether legal codes are favorable or unfavorable. principle of differential association asserts that a person becomes a criminal when definitions favorable to violation of law exceed definitions unfavorable to violation and when contacts with criminal patterns outweigh contacts with anticriminal patterns 3. Although criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. Thieves steal to secure money, but people with jobs work to secure money as well.
Sutherland said, "Differential association is a hypothetical explanation of crime from the point of view of the process by which a person is initiated into crime"
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social control |
-occurring in both public and private realms, control that has ideological and repressive forms, including primary socialization within the family and secondary socialization within peer groups, the educational system and the media. -Sutherland said, "Social disorganization is a hypothetical explanation of crime from the point of view of the society" -Originally thought to be all institutions and processes that guarantee social order. In the 1940's it was narrowed 1. Social control was stripped of its critical content and declared a functional necessity that contributed to the well-being of society 2. The concept was narrowed to include small groups (families, schools & peers). The focus here was on how these groups socialized their members
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Social Learning Theory |
-social behavior is determined neither by inner personality drives nor by outer sociological and environmental factors. Rather, it is a cognitive process in which personality and environment engage in a continuous process of reciprocal interaction -involves reinforcement |
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Reinforcement |
-a key concept in social learning theory, which states that crime is largely a response to reinforcing stimuli. If individuals are rewarded for committing crime, they are more likely to commit them again. |
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Differential Reinforcement-Jeffrey |
-a criminal act occurs in an environment in which in the past the actor has been reinforced for behaving in this manner, and the aversive consequences attached to the behavior have been of such a nature that they do not control or prevent the response -if you get money every time you steal, you will probably steal again. If you go to jail every time you steal, you will probably not steal again. |
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Burgess and Akers' 7 Stages of Learned Criminal Behavior |
1. Criminal behavior is learned thru direct conditioning or through imitation. 2. Criminal behavior is learned both in non-social reinforcing situations or non-social discriminative situations and through social interaction in which behavior of others either for or against criminal behavior. 3. principal component of learning criminal behavior occurs in groups that compose individual's major source of reinforcements: peer friendship groups, family, schools, and churches 4. Learning criminal behavior-including specific techniques, attitudes, and avoidance procedures-depends on effective and available reinforcers and existing reinforcement contingencies 5. specific type and frequency of learned behavior depend on reinforcers that are effective and available and on norms by which these reinforcers are applied 6. Criminal behavior is a function of norms that are discriminative for criminal behavior, learning of which occurs when such behavior is more highly reinforced than noncriminal behavior 7. strength of criminal behavior is a direct function of amount, frequency, and probability of its reinforcement |
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Hirschi's 7 Links Between Social Control and Delinquency |
1. Juveniles engage less in delinquency the more they are attached to their families 2. Juveniles engage less in delinquency the better they perform in school 3. The greater a youth's stake in conformity, then, irrespective of the delinquency of his or here peers, the less likely he or she is to be delinquent. 4. Members of delinquent gangs do not have cohesive or warm associations with fellow gang members 5. The importance of techniques of neutralization in delinquency is inconclusive 6. There is no significant causal link between delinquency and social class 7. In the US, no section of society encourages delinquency more than any other |
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Hirschi |
-Instead of looking for causes of delinquency, look for causes of conformity; perhaps delinquency is merely an absence of the causes of conformity -Juveniles should fear punishment - belief in goodness of certain values-respect for law and belief in wrongness of juv. delinq.- operates as a brake on delinquency.
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Self control-Gottfredson and Hirschi |
-the differential tendency of people to avoid criminal acts whatever the circumstances in which they find themselves. Low self-control coupled with opportunity increases an individual's propensity to commit crime, like force or fraud. Those with high levels of self-control are significantly less likely throughout their lives to commit crime |
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Gottfredson&Hirschi's 5 Characteristics of Self Control Derived from Nature of Crime |
1. Immediate gratification 2. Adventuresure and active 3. Unstable relationships 4. Do not value cognitive or academic skills 5. Self-centered and indifferent to others' needs
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Gottfredson&Hirschi etc |
-The major cause of low self-control is ineffective childrearing -Children without self-control are children whose parents or guardians 1. do not monitor their behavior 2. do not recognize deviant behavior when it happens 3. do not punish such behavior |
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Tittle |
-any behavior that the majority of a given group regards as unacceptable or that typically evokes a collective response of a negative type. It is thus not the number of people who engage in an act that makes it deviant, but the number of people who view it as such |
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Tittle's 6 Forms of Deviance |
1. Predation: acts of direct physical violence, manipulation, or property extraction 2. Exploitation: acts of indirect predation 3. Defiance: acts of hostility or contempt for social norms 4. Plunder: acts of autocratic behavior 5. Decadence: acts of undisciplined excess, 6. Submission: acts in which one allows oneself to be physically abused, humiliated, or sexually degraded
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control ratio |
-amount of control to which an individual is subject, relative to the amount of control he or she can exercise. Can lead to both a control surplus and a control deficit |
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Tittle's Motivating Factors |
1. Predispositional-bodily and psychic needs, the desire for autonomy and control ratio 2. Situational: provocations (verbal insults&racial slurs) and challenges from or displays of weakness by others 3. Constraint: probability, or perceived probability, that control will actually be exercised 4. Opportunity: one must have access to another person in order to assault him or her and access to another's property in order to steal it |
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Marxism |
-although human beings make own history, they do not do so entirely as they choose. During struggles social classes actively create and recreate conditions of existence. At same time, very existence of social classes means that members of a society cannot live exactly as they would choose. Social classes constrain relationships. Class position is an important determinant of such basic life events as social mobility, consciousness, level and types of education and income, leisure, patterns and (as we see later) likelihood of incarcerations. -All about those modes of production |
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Institutional discrimination |
-the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations (practices) of all society |
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relative deprivation |
-feelings of lacking something perceived as necessary by comparing itself (person or group) with a reference group (comparison group) |
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underground economy |
-goods and services untaxed by any government |
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marginalization |
-to be treated as insignificant or unimportant |
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shoplifting-type of larceny where property is stolen from retail stores by "customers" |
-Boosters -Snitches
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Boosters |
-professionals who steal for the purpose of making money 1. Boosters work a large number of stores rather than a few large ones 2. Boosters use considerable planning and skill to execute their theft 3. Boosters steal only expensive merchandise and, like pro robbers and burglars, sell it to a professional fence 4. Boosters often "fix" their cases if caught 5. Boosters use sophisticated methods and devices
-Only 10% of shoplifters |
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Snitches |
-amateurs who steal for personal use 1. They are "respectable" members of the community 2. They do not think of themselves as criminals 3. They have no criminal associations or connections 4. They steal from a store when the opportunity arises 5. They do not plan extensively but enter the store "prepared" to shoplift |
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Larceny |
-unlawful taking of property from the possession of someone other than one's employer. It does not involve the threat of actual use of force (robbery)-with the exception of carjacking-or breaking and entering (burglary) |
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Burglary |
-unlawful entry of a house, business, or other structure with the intent to commit a felony. Rarely involves a direct, face-to-face confrontation between offender and victim |
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Robbery |
-the taking of or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or by threat of force or violence and or by putting the victim in fear. IT involves a direct confrontation between victim and offender. -violence is secondary to the taking of property-when violence is used it is a means to an end |
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Strong-Arm Robbery (Unarmed Robbery) VS Armed Robbery |
-Strong-arm: offender robs without the use of a weapon. Much more dangerous, victims are twice as likely to be injured -Armed: offender displays a deadly weapon to carry out the robbery. Less dangerous and more likely to be successful. |
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Braithwaite's 4 Conclusions |
1. LC adults commit types of crime handled by police (conventional crimes) at higher rate than MC adults. 2. Adults living in LC areas commit types of crime handled by police at higher rate than adults living in MC areas. 3. LC juves commit crime at higher rate than adult living in MC areas. 4. Juves living in LC areas commit crime at higher rate than juves living in MC areas. |
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Prevalence
Incidence |
Prevalence: percentage of a social class committing certain offenses at a specific time
Incidence: frequency with which these class members commit crimes |
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Sellin's 2 Culture Conflicts |
Primary: clash between norms of different cultures. Can occur when law of one group is extended to cover territory of another group Secondary: arises from process of differentiation & inequality in parent culture ie class b/w law enforcement & second generation of immigrant families over rules governing views of gambling, prostitution, and liquor. |
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Vold |
-believed crime is behavior that is committed by minority groups whose regular actions and goals have not been secured by legislative process -group conflict: when the goals of one group can be achieved only at the expense of the other(s) |
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Quinney's Conflict Theory of Crime (6) |
1. defining quality of crime lies in definition of crime rather than in criminal behavior 2. Criminal defs exist b/c interests of groups of society are in conflict w/ others. 3. content of laws and their application tend to reflect interests of powerful b/c they typically control law enforcement and judicial machinery. 4. Diff groups learn to do diff things. 5. many conceptions or opinions @ which actions should be criminalized. 6. social reality of crime is composite of these propositions. |
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Turk's Criminalization |
-process by which authorities, for any reason, confer an illegal status on certain behaviors of subjects (resisters) |
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Radical Criminology |
-criminological theory developed and practiced in the 1970s and 80s that applied Marxist theory to study of crime and social control |
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Spitzer's Problem Populations (2) |
1. Social Junk: those who represent a control cost-handicapped and mentally ill-but who are relatively armless to society. 2. Social Dynamite: those who might challenge capitalist relations of production and who are thus a political threat to the capitalist class |
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Quinney's Marxist Perspective on Crime Focused on 4 Areas |
1. development of capitalist political economy, forces and relations of production, capitalist state, and class struggle between owners of capital and working class 2. systems of domination and repression wielded to benefit capitalist class 3. forms of accommodation and resistance to capitalism by oppressed people 4. dialectical relationship of accommodation and resistance to capitalism |
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Quinney's Crimes of Domination (4) |
1. Crimes of Control: crimes by police and FBI, illegal surveillance, violation of civil liberties 2. Crimes of Government: political crime-Watergate-and CIA assassinations of political foreign leaders 3. Crimes of Economic Domination: corporate crimes ranging from price fixing to pollution but also including the close connections between syndicated crime and criminal operations of the state 4. Social Injuries: harms not defined as illegal in legal codes, such as the denial of basic human rights resulting from sexism, racism, and economic exploitation |
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Quinney's Crimes of Accommodation (3) |
-acts of adaptation by L and W C in response to oppressive conditions of capitalism 1. Predatory: parasitical acts like burglary, robbery and drug dealing 2. Personal: murder, rape, assault-are directed at other members of the L and W C and result from the brutalized conditions of capitalism 3. Resistance: actions conducted by members of WC that are specifically directed at the work place-sabotage and machine breaking |
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Left realism |
-the view that conventional crime is driven by relative deprivation and by reactionary and individualistic attitudes |
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DeKeseredy's 7 Core Elements of Left-Realist Crime Curbing Program |
1. Job creation and training programs 2. Higher minimum wage 3. Gov sponsored day care 4. Housing assistance 5. Intro of entrepreneurial skills into high school curriculum 6. Creation of links among schools, private business, and government agencies 7. Universal health care |
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Marx and Engels' Distinct Modes of Production (7) |
1. Primitive communal 2. Slave 3. Feudal 4. Asiatic 5. Capitalist 6. Socialist 7. Communist Several modes of production can exist in one society ie US Civil War: slave, feudal and capitalist |
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Lumpenproletariat
Proletariat
Capitalist Class |
Lumpenproletariat: the perennially unemployed, those unfit for work
Proletariat: skilled and unskilled workers
Capitalist Class: those who own capital: industrialists, financiers, landlords |
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Basic conflict in Marxian society.... |
-is between those who own the means of production and those who have no source of income other than their labor |
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Meaning of the word "ideology" to Marx and Engels |
1. any set of structured beliefs, values and ideas 2. a set of mistaken or false beliefs 3. a set of beliefs that both reflect social reality and simultaneously distort it |
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Hirschi's Belief (4) |
Whether someone is lawabiding or deviant depends on the extent of variance from the four factors that are critical in bonding to society 1. Attachment to parents, school and peers 2. Commitment to conventional lines of action 3. Involvement in conventional activities 4. Belief in conventional values |
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Naive check forgers |
Naive check forgers: are amateurs who commit the crime only when they have an urgent need 4 $; they aren't familiar with criminal techniques. Completed more yrs of school than gen pop and is in a prof job, live in the community where their crimes are committed. |
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Systematic check forgers |
Systematic check forgers: view themselves as forgers, regularly use a special technique to pass bad checks, organize their lives around check fraud. Do it for the fast and luxe lifestyle. He doesn't need a high degree of skill; learn as he goes. Have to impersonate other people. Migratory loners. |
