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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consensus view |
Society is based on a consensus of values, and the state is organized to protect the general public interest. |
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Conflict criminology |
Societies are composed of groups with conflicting values and interests, and the government is organized to represent the values and interests of those groups with sufficient power to control the operation of the state. |
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Sellin's Culture Conflict Theory |
"conduct norms": cultural rules that require certain people to behave certain ways in certain circumstances. In simple societies, codified and represent consensus. "primary culture conflicts": occur between two different cultures. "secondary culture conflicts": one culture > subcultures. Culture conflicts represent the dominant culture where conflict exists. |
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Vold's Group conflict theory |
Man is a social animal. Groups are formed to satisfy common needs and interests, furthered through collective action. Social process: groups held in equilibrium of opposing group interests/efforts. As needs grow, evolve, and wane, the group which can marshal lawmaking and law enforcing define criminals (opposing groups) |
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Quinney's The Social Reality of Crime |
Quinney. Combines labelling, group conflict, differential association, and subjective reality concepts to argue that, while the term "crime" informally represents a particular set of values and interests, only people with power can get their conceptualization accepted by broader society (becoming social reality). |
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Turk's Theory of Criminalization |
How power groups achieve authority and legitimacy in society. Consensus-coercion balance. Social norms of dominance and social norms of deference. Lawbreaking is a measure of the stability of the ruler/ruled relationship. |
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Chambliss and Seidman's Analysis of the Criminal Justice System |
The justice system, both in structure and function, operates in the interests of existing power groups. 1. LAWMAKING is based on interest-groups, not the public interest. 2. APPELLATE COURTS reflect the wealthy, who can afford litigation and are socially similar to judges. 3. POLICE, as political institutions, minimize problems by focusing on the powerless |
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McGarrell and Castellano's Integrative Conflict Model |
3 levels. 1. Structural: Differentiation>criminalization. 2. Enforcement: Vicarious victimization>punitiveness. 3. Lawmaking: flashpoints > criminal statutes |
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Hagan |
Power-control theory and gender differences. Parents control daughters more than sons, making sons more risky. This will be more pronounced in patriarchal families. Also considers how power relations in work and society are recreated at home. |
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Black's Behavior of Law |
Amount of law (quantitative). Styles of law (four). 5 dimensions of social life. Social positions/social geometry. Not conflict per se. |
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Structural Marxism |
Political outcomes are the natural result of the dynamics of the economic system |
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Instrumental Marxism |
Political strings are pulled by members of a small elite looking out for themselves. The government is an instrument of the powerful. |
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Dialectic(al) |
1: To consider different perspectives, to think historically and contextually, and to relate theory and practice (to think comprehensively and contextually). 2: reciprocal effects and mutual interrelationships between the base and the superstructure (to think relationally). 3: interdisciplinary. 4: theory to practice (praxis) |
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Lynch and Michaelowski (Marxist/radical) policy recommendations |
Changing capitalism, since it is a source of the problems. |
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Other policy recommendations |
Some, such as Simmel, Turk, and Vold, might see conflict as inevitable, and are more concerned about the consequences than the sources of authority. Does not concern "normative" questions. |
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Political economy |
The economic system is THE defining element of a society. The economic system determines the relationship of one class to another, and is therefore political (hence, political economy). The economy is the "base" and the legal, cultural and political systems the "superstructure." |
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False consciousness |
The apparent "consensus" view of the law, and submission to the political-economic system by the proletariat, for whom it does no good, is a byproduct of material, ideological, and institutional processes (e.g., schools, governments, owners) |
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Surplus labor |
Having more eligible works than demanded provides lower inflation and low wages/costs for business owners; but it may also lead to crime. Therefore, the capitalist system produces crime as a consequence of financial pursuits. Also, surplus populations (junk and dynamite) must be socially controlled to maintain status quo. |
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Praxis |
A desire to transform theories about the criminogenic effects of class, gender, and racial inequalities into public policies which would reduce them. |
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Strengths/weaknesses of radical/conflict theories. |
Research suggests there is consensus. More rhetorical/philosophical than empirical. Lack of empirical validity (cross-country, intra-class conflict). Extralegal effects may be spurious. |
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Colvin and Pauly's Integrated Sturctural-Marxist Theory of Delinquency |
Social structures (school, family) are patterned after the capitalist system and produce bonds, adjustment, and patterns of peer associations which explain differential criminal involvement. |
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Greenberg's Age, Structure, and Delinquency Theory |
Capitalism has created increased juv delinq. Age segregation due to patterns of work and school. Falling teen employment > theft to fund leisure activities. In school: denial of autonomy and public degradation ceremonies for non-WASP behavior. Masculine status anxiety. Desistence more likely for those with future access to work. |
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Lynch: Political Economy and Crime |
PEEC |
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Stretesky et al |
Fines do more to legitimate the "treadmill of production" than to limit environmental damage. |
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McCarthy et al |
Revised power-control theory. Mothers in egalitarian families use their greater agency to increase control of their sons, encouraging them to resist patriarchal schemas (risk preferences and sense of impunity) |
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What does Rad Crim seek to explain? |
1. Why some harmful behaviors are labelled criminal and others are not; 2. Why certain social groups were more likely to engage in "street crime"; 3. Why most strategies focus on the poor and minorities rather than the rich and powerful. |
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Marx |
Historicism and the dialectic. Antagonistic relationship between haves (bourgeoisie) and have-nots (proletariat). |
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Cultural hegemony |
The power to determine and define cultural norms and values. |
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Superstructure |
law, politics, religion, education, and consciousness. They reinforce the "base" (the economic system). |
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Elliot et al Integrated Strain-Control Paradigm |
Two paths. Early childhood socialization (social control) leads to integration and commitment. Poor control leads to delinquent peer associations and crime. For bonded children, strain may lead directly to crime, or operate through delinquent peer associations. |
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Hirschi on Integration |
The history of oppositional theory development precludes integration. Theory gets better by improving/refining/competing than bringing theories together. "Choose the terms and ignore the claims." Theoretical mush. |
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Thornberry and Krohn Interactional Theory |
Onset might occur at 3 different stages in the life course. 1: Early onset from fam disorg, parents, schools, and delinq peers (exacerbated by structural adversity). 2: Teens. autonomy, decreasing parent influence, increasing peer influence (reciprocal). 3: late bloomers. deficits were buffered by parenting, but in adulthood, problem relationships and peers lead to crime. |
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Farrington |
1. Peaks in teens; 2: Peak onset 8-14, peak desistence 20-29; 3: Early onset=longer career; 4: Continuity; 5: Few offenders commit most crimes; 6: Offending is versatile; 7: other problem behaviors; 8: teen offending collective, adult offending solo; 9: many reasons for desist; 10: offense type varies w/age |
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Sampson and Laub |
Social controls and structural disadvantage lead to delinquency, which then has reciprocal effects with social bonds. However, social bonds in adulthood--work, marriage, etc--can lead to desistence. |
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Laub and Sampson |
Desistence is universal. When it will occur is difficult to predict. Challenges Moffitt's typologies and prospectiveness. Desistence is predicted by adult events more than childhood events. Indirect social control in adulthood. Change of daily routines. Human agency interacts with new social capital |
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Lee et al Extending Interactional Theory |
Labelling theory may account for the reciprocal relationships between delinquency and social bonds. |
