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20 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Directed patrol
A police-management strategy designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques.
Sheriff
The elected chief officer of a county law enforcement agency. Usually responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail.
Kansas City experiment
The first large-scale scientific study of law enforcement practices. Sponsored by the Police Foundation, it focused on the practice of preventive patrol.
Chain of command
The unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest.
Community policing
A collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorders and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems.
Police discretion
The opportunity for police officers to exercise choice in their enforcement activities.
Police professionalism
The increasing formalization of police work and the accompanying rise in public acceptance of the police.
CompStat
A crime-analysis and police-management process, built on crime mapping, that was developed by the New York City Department in the mid-1990s.
Police subculture
A particular set of values, beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior characteristic of American police. Socialization into it begins with recruit training and continues thereafter.
Solvability factor
Information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the perpetrator's identity.
Arrest
The act of taking an adult or juvenile into physical custody by authority of law for the purpose of charging the person with a criminal offense, a delinquent act, or a status offense, terminating with the recording of a specific offense. Technically, it occurs whenever a law enforcement officer curtails a person's freedom to leave.
Good-faith exception
An exception to the exclusionary rule. Law enforcement officers who conduct a search or who seize evidence on the basis of good faith (that is, when they believe they are operating according to the dictates of the law) and who later discover that a mistake was made (perhaps in the format of the application for a search warrant) may still provide evidence that can be used in court.
Plain view
A legal term describing the ready visibility of objects that might be seized as evidence during a search by police in the absence of a search warrant specifying the seizure of those objects. To lawfully seize evidence in plain view, officers must have a legal right to be in the viewing area and must have cause to believe that the evidence is somehow associated with criminal activity.
Probable cause
A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed a specified crime. Also, reasonable grounds to make or believe an accusation. Refers to the necessary level of belief that would allow for police seizures (arrests) of individuals and full searches of dwellings, vehicles, and possessions.
Reasonable suspicion
The level of suspicion that would justify an officer in making further inquiry or in conducting further investigation. May permit stopping a person for questioning or for a simple pat-down search. Also, a belief, based on a consideration of the facts at hand and on reasonable inferences drawn from those facts, that would induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious person under the same circumstances to conclude that criminal activity is taking place or that criminal activity has recently occurred. It is a general and reasonable belief that a crime is in progress or has occurred, whereas probable cause is a reasonable belief that a particular person has committed a specific crime.
Civil liability
Potential responsibility for payment of damages or other court-ordered enforcement as a result of a ruling in a lawsuit. Not the same as criminal liability, which means "open to punishment for a crime."
Deadly force
Force likely to cause death or great bodily harm. Also, "the intentional use of a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of death."
Excessive force
The application of an amount and/or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject.
Police working personality
All aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized into the police subculture. Characteristics of it often extend to the personal lives of law enforcement personnel.
Racial profiling
Any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than [1] the behavior of an individual, or [2] information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity.