Criminal Justice Exam

Front 1

What is the current incarceration rate in the US?

Back 1

754 out of 100,000

Front 2

What is the difference between jails and prisons?

Back 2

Jail- Run by the County, for newly arrested criminals

Prison- Run by the State, sentences of 1 year or more. Felonies only.

Front 3

What percentage of incarcerated women had custody of their children prior to incarceration?

Back 3

70-80%

Front 4

What are some attributes of a prison that is a Total Institution?

Back 4

Staff and Inmates living and working under one roof, but separated from one another.

Front 5

What are some attributes of a Paramilitary prison?

Back 5

Titles and rank, strict hierarchy, inflexible chain of command, enhanced organizational performance.

Front 6

What are some attributes of a Bureaucratic prison?

Back 6

Structure and Operations are governed by a high degree of written rules, rest on hierarchical structure, and employees occupy strictly defined roles

Front 7

Give a brief description of Newgate Prison

Back 7

Built on a mine shaft, did not segregate men, women, children or the sick

Front 8

Walnut Street Jail

Back 8

First prison in America. Each inmate had own cell. Opened in 1790.

Front 9

Western Pennsylvania

Back 9

Complete isolation without labor.

Starting in 1820, inmates performed labor in cells silently.

Front 10

Eastern Pennsylvania

Back 10

Influenced by the Quakers. Separate with silent labor.

Front 11

Auburn

Back 11

Early 1800s
Factory type prison
Inmates could make money for the prison
Nobody faced each other
Created lockstep- kept inmates organized and together and under control

Front 12

Elmira

Back 12

1876
Hired staff who were well educated, better wages, more staff, better programs.
Inmates did not receive "good time" (indeterminate sentences)
Utilized corporal punishment
Over crowded
No government funding.

Front 13

North and Midwest Prisons

Back 13

Used contract system
Inmates remained incarcerated while manufacturing such goods as shoes
Items were sold on the open market.
prisoners were harshly treated. corporal punishment

Front 14

Southern Prisons

Back 14

Used leasing system.
Inmates worked outside due to devastation to the South during Civil War.

Front 15

Industrial Prisons

Back 15

due to overcrowding, there was a Surplus of labor used to manufacture goods for the public and military.
Offered profits for rehabilitation, skill training,
Promoted discipline, instilled work ethic in inmates

Front 16

Modern Prisons

Back 16

Individualized treatment.
Developed minimum, medium, and maximum security prisons.
Started parole board.

Front 17

Explain Hepburn's research on Coercive power, and why it is effective.

Back 17

Inmates recognize that the CO's have the ability and willingness to punish disobedience. Prominent method of control.

Front 18

Explain Hepburn's research on Legitimate Power, and why it is effective.

Back 18

Formal authority to command, the guard has the right to exercise control over prisoners by virtue of the structural relationship between guard and prisoner.

Along with expert power, thought to be most important.

Front 19

Explain Hepburn's research on Reward Power, and why it is effective.

Back 19

Distribution of rewards to control inmates. Granting inmates privileges such as lesser sentences or release on parole for good behavior. CO's can overlook minor infractions.

Front 20

Explain Hepburn's research on Expert Power, and why it is effective.

Back 20

CO's exhibit special skills, knowledge, or expertise. Inmates may interpret such competence as expert power. Examples: counseling or conflict resolution skills.

Along with legitimate power, thought to be most important.

Front 21

Explain Hepburn's research on Referent Power, and why it is effective.

Back 21

CO's ability to earn the respect and admiration of prisoners through leadership and persuasive diplomacy. CO's must be fair minded and even handed to gain respect of inmates.

Front 22

What can make Correctional Officers susceptible to corruption.

Back 22

Corruption can be caused due to friendship with inmates, reciprocity, or default.

Front 23

Name some things that have influenced and changed the role of Correctional Officers over the past 20 to 30 years.

Back 23

the most consequential developments have been
1. emphasis on rehabilitation
2. changes in the size and composition of inmate populations 3. judicial intervention

This has made it more difficult for COs to control inmates.

Front 24

List the jail and prison incarceration rates by race and ethnicity.

Back 24

34% White
38% Black
20% Hispanic

Front 25

What are some issues that arise with female workers in male prisons?

Back 25

Females occupy the lowest rank in the CO hierarchy.
Women are credited with being able to prevent violence by effectively calming angry inmates.
They must put up with sexist attitudes, remarks, and discrimination.

Front 26

What are some of the pains of imprisonment, according to Sykes?

Back 26

Deprivation of Liberty- Not being able to leave.
Deprivation of Goods and Services- Material Life is greatly minimized.
Deprivation of Heterosexual Relationships- Inmates are forced to pursue other means of gratification such as masturbation.
Deprivation of Autonomy- Inmates lives are controlled with a strict schedule of eating, sleeping, working, and programming.
Deprivation of Security- Prisons are dangerous because of other violent inmates.

Front 27

What is the ratio of males to females in jails and prisons?

Back 27

Jails: 10 to 1 male to female.
Prisons: 94% male to 6% female

Front 28

Give a brief description of women in corrections.

Back 28

Black women are likely to turn to street crime, drugs, and prostitution and get harsher punishments.
Women are viewed as either all good, or all bad.
White women can be reformed into "ladies", black women cannot and are "trash"

Front 29

Describe Young's findings regarding juvenile corrections for black and white boys and girls.

Back 29

Black and White girls were separated.
Black girls were with adults in prison.
White boys were provided with training.
Black boys were socialized into laborers.
White girls were socialized into "ladies"
Black girls were "thrown away" and got nothing.


Juvenile institutions in the south were adamant about separating by gender and race

Front 30

Describe socialization in women's prisons.

Back 30

Women tend to be more emotional, and have friendly relationships with COs.
Emotional support turns to homosexuality.
Women create pseudo families, friendships, and homosexual liaisons.
Create cliques.

Front 31

What were Beccaria's philosophies?

Back 31

Beccaria believed human beings were motivated by free will.
Offenders freely commit crimes.
Created the idea of prisons with Bentham

Front 32

What were Bentham's philosophies?

Back 32

Bentham created the Panopticon.
He believed in deterrence, that the penalties for committing a crime should significantly outweigh any benefits one may gain.

Front 33

What were Howard's philosophies?

Back 33

Howard devoted his life to reforming prison systems.
Eliminated fee systems.
Regular expectations of jails.
Provision of healthy and sanitary facilities.
Emphasized reformation of inmates.

Front 34

Describe some of Penn's philosophies?

Back 34

Founded principle of Great Law.
Restricted Death penalty and corporal punishment, lessened them to hard labor.
Eliminated religious crimes.
All prisoners eligible for bail.
Those wrongfully imprisoned could recover double damages.
Prisons were to provide free food and lodging.
The lands and goods of felons were to receive double restitution to injured parties.
All counties were to provide houses of detention.

Front 35

What were some major findings of the Women's Jail Study by Stohr and Mays?

Back 35

10% to 12% of women in prison were older.
15% were homeless.
30% had no GED or diploma
Sexual Assault before age 18 was 20%-40%
After age 18 was 25%-40%
70%-80% were mothers, 60% of whom had custody of their children at the time of incarceration.

Front 36

What were some of the findings of Stohr's ethics research?

Back 36

Men and women agree on most items regarding ethics, but commonly disagree on coercive force.
Women use less force than men.
Men believe that female COs cannot do their jobs.
Jails were more ethical than prisons.
Women's prisons were most ethical, followed by minimum security prisons, the least ethical facilities being maximum security prisons.
Staff perceived themselves as being more ethical than the inmates did.

Front 37

Describe the political and social cycle of juvenile justice.

Back 37

Young males commit most street crime.
Mostly status offenses such as underage drinking runaways.
Juveniles are punished less severely than adults.

Front 38

Define Moral Panic

Back 38

A turbulent, excited or exaggerated response to a social problem by politicians and law enforcement officials

Front 39

Who was Miller, and how did he reshape Juvenile detention?

Back 39

Miller was a social worker who ran a Juvenile Detention facility in Massachusetts.
He noticed lots of sexual abuse and mistreatment going on in numerous juvenile facilities, and shut down many of them.
As a result of his actions, children began committing less crimes.
Many states followed his theories and readjusted their juvenile detention facilities.

Front 40

What was the 1966 Kent v. US Supreme Court Case?

Back 40

The Supreme Court ruled that Juvenile Courts needed Due Process if seeking a waver to an Adult court.

Front 41

Describe a Violent Juvenile

Back 41

They often come from poor families and do poorly in school.
They are more likely to become gang members.
They live in poor areas with high crime rates.

Front 42

What was established as a result of the 1967 Inure Gault Supreme Court Case?

Back 42

Due Process for Juveniles.

Front 43

When and where was the first Juvenile Detention center established? First Juvenile Court?

Back 43

Detention Center- 1825 in New York.

Court- 1899 in Chicago.

Front 44

How are juveniles processed?

Back 44

Juveniles get mostly warnings, and little punishment.
Police usually lecture the children and have their parents pick them up at the police station.
Juvenile offender is referred to court by either police, victim, parent, school, or a social worker.
They have an intake hearing, and then detention.

Front 45

What are some key differences between boys and girls in Juvenile Justice?

Back 45

Female juveniles are treated more harshly than boys.
Females are more likely to be institutionalized than boys.
Juvenile females are found to be "more psychologically disturbed"
Females are subject to programs that emphasize traditional roles.
Females are likely to serve longer sentences than boys.

Front 46

Describe the Juvenile Wilderness Program.

Back 46

Juveniles are enrolled in a group experience that removes them from city life and places them in unfamiliar surroundings.
Attempts to foster social skills and promote working together.

Front 47

Describe the 'Scared Straight' Juvenile program.

Back 47

The juveniles confront adult prisoners, who intimidate and humiliate them with the purpose of "scaring them straight" and deterring them from going down the same path.

Front 48

Describe the Juvenile 'Boot Camp' program.

Back 48

Boot Camp programs set out to inflict harsh punishment and discipline on juveniles.
Setting resembles a military Boot Camp.
Lots of structure and physical exercise, does not have lasting effect on most juveniles.

Front 49

Describe the Juvenile restitution program.

Back 49

Restitution programs require juveniles to compensate their victims.
Forces juveniles to participate in programs like community service.
Widely supported because offenders are held accountable for their actions.

Front 50

Describe the Juvenile gang intervention program.

Back 50

Used in an attempt to suppress or prevent crimes.
Only successful some of the time.
Most youth gang activity occurs in inner cities among minorities of low status.

Front 51

What is the difference between individual and institutional racism?

Back 51

Individual Racism is an individual or group attitude or belief.

Institutional Racism emerges in discriminatory policies and practices within systems.

Front 52

What is Wilbanks' myth about institutional racism?

Back 52

He believes that institutional racism does not exist, it is merely an extension of individual racism.

Front 53

Describe the Driving While Black theory.

Back 53

It is related to racial profiling.
The use of race as a key factor in police decisions to stop and interrogate citizens.

Front 54

What are the Johnson, Hack, and Human Service Roles?

Back 54

Hack Role- stereotyping by COs toward inmates. The CO tends to be cynical, stereotypical, authoritarian, abusive.

Human Service role- COs help inmates, and act as an advocate for them.

Johnson role- Is a combination of the Hack and Human Service role.

Front 55

What is the difference between authoritarian and authoritative perspectives on correctional supervision?

Back 55

The authoritative perspective is the idea that people who work in corrections have legal power.

The authoritarian perspective is that people who work in corrections must be controlling or abusive to inmates to keep them in line.

Front 56

Describe some sources and effects of the alienation of correctional officers.

Back 56

The alienation of COs is the idea that they should be separated from their work and not view inmates as human.
They end up denying their feelings and human emotions, which can have last effects outside of work as well.