Criminal Justice: Chapter 11 (Violent Crime)

Front 1

acquaintance rape

Back 1

Forcible sex in which offender and victim are acquainted with one another.

Front 2

acquaintance robbery

Back 2

Robbers who focus their thefts on people they know.

Front 3

aggravated rape

Back 3

Rape involving multiple offenders, weapons, and victim injuries.

Front 4

assault

Back 4

An attack that may not involve physical contact; includes attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.

Front 5

battery

Back 5

A physical attack that includes hitting, punching, slapping, or other offensive touching of a victim.

Front 6

bias crimes

Back 6

Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic; also called hate crimes.

Front 7

child abuse

Back 7

Any physical, emotional, or sexual trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident, can be found. Child abuse can also be a function of neglecting to give proper care and attention to a young child.

Front 8

consent

Back 8

In prosecuting rape cases, it is essential to prove that the attack was forced and that the victim did not give voluntary consent to her attacker. In a sense, the burden of proof is on the victim to show that her character is beyond question and that she in no way encouraged, enticed, or misled the accused rapist. Proving victim dissent is not a requirement in any other violent crime.

Front 9

convictional criminals

Back 9

Those who violate the law because they believe their actions will ultimately benefit society.

Front 10

crusted over

Back 10

Children who have been victims of or witnesses to violence and do not let people inside, nor do they express their feelings. They exploit others and in turn are exploited by those older and stronger; as a result, they develop a sense of hopelessness.

Front 11

date rape

Back 11

Forcible sex during a courting relationship.

Front 12

death squads

Back 12

Government troops used to destroy political opposition parties.

Front 13

deliberation

Back 13

Planning a homicide after careful thought, however brief, rather than acting on sudden impulse.

Front 14

economic compulsive behavior

Back 14

Behavior that occurs when drug users resort to violence to gain funds to support their habit.

Front 15

elder abuse

Back 15

A disturbing form of domestic violence by children and other relatives with whom elderly people live.

Front 16

eldercide

Back 16

The murder of a senior citizen.

Front 17

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Back 17

A device that can record the electronic impulses given off by the brain, commonly called brain waves.

Front 18

eros

Back 18

The instinct to preserve and create life; eros is expressed sexually.

Front 19

expressive violence

Back 19

Violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration.

Front 20

felony murder

Back 20

A homicide in the context of another felony, such as robbery or rape; legally defined as first-degree murder.

Front 21

feticide

Back 21

Endangering or killing an unborn fetus.

Front 22

first-degree murder

Back 22

The killing of another person after premeditation and deliberation.

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gang rape

Back 23

Forcible sex involving multiple attackers.

Front 24

guerilla

Back 24

The term means little war and developed out of the Spanish rebellion against French troops after Napoleon's 1808 invasion of the Iberian peninsula. Today the term is used interchangeably with the term terrorist.

Front 25

hate crimes

Back 25

Acts of violence or intimidation designed to terrorize or frighten people considered undesirable because of their race, religion, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation.

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hypermasculine

Back 26

Men who typically have a callous sexual attitude and believe violence is manly. They perceive danger as exciting and are overly sensitive to insult and ridicule. They are also impulsive, more apt to brag about sexual conquests, and more likely to lose control, especially when using alcohol.

Front 27

infanticide

Back 27

The murder of a very young child.

Front 28

instrumental crimes

Back 28

Offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal.

Front 29

instrumental violence

Back 29

Violence used in an attempt to improve the financial or social position of the criminal.

Front 30

international terrorism

Back 30

Terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.

Front 31

involuntary manslaughter

Back 31

A homicide that occurs as a result of acts that are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others, such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

Front 32

manslaughter

Back 32

A homicide without malice.

Front 33

marital exemption

Back 33

The practice in some states of prohibiting the prosecution of husbands for the rape of their wives.

Front 34

marital rape

Back 34

Forcible sex between people who are legally married to each other.

Front 35

mass murder

Back 35

The killing of a large number of people in a single incident by an offender who typically does not seek concealment or escape.

Front 36

mission hate crime

Back 36

Violent crimes committed by disturbed individuals who see it as their duty to rid the world of evil.

Front 37

murder

Back 37

The unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent.

Front 38

neglect

Back 38

Not providing a child with the care and shelter to which he or she is entitled.

Front 39

negligent manslaughter

Back 39

A homicide that occurs as a result of acts that are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others, such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs; also called involuntary manslaughter.

Front 40

nonnegligent manslaughter

Back 40

A homicide committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel; although intent may be present, malice is not; also called voluntary manslaughter.

Front 41

premeditation

Back 41

Consideration of a homicide before it occurs.

Front 42

psychopharmacological relationship

Back 42

Violent, aggressive behavior that is the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances.

Front 43

rape

Back 43

The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.

Front 44

reactive hate crime

Back 44

Perpetrators believe they are taking a defensive stand against outsiders who they believe threaten their community or way of life.

Front 45

road rage

Back 45

A term used to describe motorists who assault each other.

Front 46

robbery

Back 46

Taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force and/or by putting the victim in fear.

Front 47

second-degree murder

Back 47

A homicide with malice but not premeditation or deliberation, as when a desire to inflict serious bodily harm and a wanton disregard for life result in the victim's death.

Front 48

serial murder

Back 48

The killing of a large number of people over time by an offender who seeks to escape detection.

Front 49

serial rape

Back 49

Multiple rapes committed by one person over time.

Front 50

sexual abuse

Back 50

Exploitation of a child through rape, incest, or molestation by a parent or other adult.

Front 51

shield laws

Back 51

Laws designed to protect rape victims by prohibiting the defense attorney from inquiring about their previous sexual relationships.

Front 52

siblicide

Back 52

Sibling homicide. The median age of sibling homicide offenders is 23 years old, and the median age of their victims is 25 years old. The vast majority of sibling homicide offenders are males (87 percent), and they are most likely to kill their brothers. When lethal violence by brothers against their sisters occurs, it is more likely in juvenile sibling relationships rather than adult sibling relationships (31 percent versus 14 percent). Sisters killing their brothers or sisters are relatively rare events.

Front 53

statutory rape

Back 53

Sexual relations between an underage minor female and an adult male; though not coerced, an underage partner is considered incapable of giving informed consent.

Front 54

subculture of violence

Back 54

Norms and customs that, in contrast to society's dominant value system, legitimize and expect the use of violence to resolve social conflicts.

Front 55

sufferance

Back 55

The aggrieved party does nothing to rectify a conflict situation; over time, the unresolved conflict may be compounded by other events that cause an eventual eruption.

Front 56

systemic link

Back 56

Violent behavior that results from the conflict inherent in the drug trade.

Front 57

terrorism

Back 57

The illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective.

Front 58

terrorist group

Back 58

Any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.

Front 59

thanatos

Back 59

According to Freud, the instinctual drive toward aggression and violence.

Front 60

thrill-seeking hate crime

Back 60

Hate-mongers who join forces to have fun by bashing minorities or destroying property; inflicting pain on others gives them a sadistic thrill.

Front 61

virility mystique

Back 61

The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect, and affection.

Front 62

voluntary manslaughter

Back 62

A homicide committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel; although intent may be present, malice is not.

Front 63

workplace violence

Back 63

Irate employees or former employees attack coworkers or sabotage machinery and production lines; now considered the third leading cause of occupational injury or death.