Criminal Justice Chapter 1

Front 1

What sort of problems happened durng 1850-1880 to cause an increase in crime?

Back 1

crime epidemic due to social upheaval caused by large-scale immigration (ex: Ellis Island in NY, movies such as Gangs of New York)

Front 2

Individual rights are:

Back 2

Individual rights – the rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the US Constitution, especially those found in the Bill of Rights.

Front 3

USA Patriot Act of 2001 is:

Back 3

A federal law enacted in response to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 9/11. The law substantially broadened the investigative authority of law enforcement agencies throughout American and is applicable to many crimes other than terrorism.

Front 4

Crime is definated as:

Back 4

conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.

Front 5

Criminology is defined as:

Back 5

The scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders.

Front 6

Social justice is defined as:

Back 6

an ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.

Front 7

Civil justice is defined as:

Back 7

The civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action. Civil justice cannot be separated from social justice because the kind of justice enacted in our nation’s civil courts is a reflection of basic American understandings of right and wrong.

Front 8

Criminal justice is defined as:

Back 8

in the strictest sense, the criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law. Criminal justice cannot be separated from social justice because the kind of justice enacted in our nation’s criminal courts is a reflection of basic American understandings of right and wrong.

Front 9

Criminal Justice System is defined as:

Back 9

the aggregate of all operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. The basic divisions of the operational aspects of criminal justice are law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

Front 10

Consensus Model is defined as:

Back 10

a criminal justice prospective that assumes that the system’s components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice.

Front 11

Conflict Model is defined as:

Back 11

a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system’s components function primarily to serve their own interests. According to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of cooperation among component agencies.

Front 12

Warrant is:

Back 12

a writ issued by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or she performs it.

Front 13

Booking is:

Back 13

A law enforcement or correctional administrative process officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority.

Front 14

Bail is:

Back 14

the money or property pledge to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody.

Front 15

Preliminary Hearing is:

Back 15

a proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters must be decided: whether a crime has been committed, whether the crime occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, and whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime.

Front 16

Probable Cause is:

Back 16

a set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular other person has committed a specific crime.

Front 17

Information is:

Back 17

a formal, written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specific offense.

Front 18

Grand jury is:

Back 18

a group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to trial, to investigate criminal activity generally, or to investigate the conduct of a public agency or official.

Front 19

Indictment is:

Back 19

a formal, written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony.

Front 20

Arraignment is:

Back 20

first appearance of the defendant before the court that has the authority to conduct a trial. Defendant is informed the charge and his or her rights and to enter a plea such as not guilty, guilty or no contest (nolo contendere).

Front 21

Adjudication is:

Back 21

to hear and settle (a case) by judicial procedure

6th amendment – the right to a trial by jury

Front 22

Consecutive sentence is:

Back 22

one of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served in sequence with the other sentence. Also, a new sentence for a new conviction, imposed upon a person already under sentence for a previous offense, which is added to the previous sentence.

Front 23

Concurrent sentence is:

Back 23

one of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served at the same time. Also, a new sentence for a new conviction, imposed upon a person already under sentence for a previous offense, served at the same time as the previous sentence.

Front 24

Due Process is:

Back 24

right guaranteed by the 5, 6, & 14 Amendments of the US Constitution and generally understood, in legal contexts, to mean the due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established for the protection of individual rights. EX: The right to be assumed innocent until proven guilty, right to a trial by jury, right to an attorney, right to speedy trial, right against cruel or unusual punishment, etc.

Front 25

Crime Control Model is:

Back 25

a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.

Front 26

Due Process Model is:

Back 26

a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing.

Front 27

Social Control is:

Back 27

the use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group. Social control is a primary concern of social groups and communities, and it is their interest in the exercise of social control that leads to the creation of both criminal and civil statutes.