Criminal Justice

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Tithing/Frankpledge System

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A private self-help protection system in early medieval England, in which a group of 10 families(tithing) agreed to follow the law, keep the peace in their areas, and bring law violators to justice.

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Constable Watch System

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A system of protection in early England in which citizens, under the direction of a constable(chief peacekeeper) were required to guard the city and to pursue criminals.

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London Metropolitan Police

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Created in 1829 with the London Metropolitan Act; 1,000-officer police force that replaced the patchwork of comm. law enforcement. Members became known as: bobbies or peelers. Organized by military rank and structure, under command of two magistrates(commissioners). FUNCTION: To prevent crime by PREVENTIVE PATROL of the comm.

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American Law Enforcement

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American colonists from England brought with them the Constable-Watch System; Boston established as night watch in 1634; watch system was means of preventing crime and apprehending criminals for the following two centuries.; Elderly citizens and sentenced offenders were to serve on the watch.; Cities became overcrowded and unhealthy, Racial tension reached a height which resulted in mobs disturbances; Heavy drinking led to fights, brawls, and full-scale riots. Constables investigated health hazards, carried out orders of the court, clear the street of debris, and apprehend criminals

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Slave Patrols "First distinctively American Police System"

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Earliest form of policing; enforced the infamous slave codes(protected the slaveholders' property rights in human being, and holding slaves responsible for their crimes and other crimes), Responsible for catching runaway slaves, prevent slave uprising, and maintaining discipline among the slaves( whipped and terrorized black slaves who were caught after dark without passes); Helped enforce the laws prohibiting literacy, trade, and gambling among slaves.; LASTED up until the end of the Civil War

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3 Key contributions to American policing

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-A shift from neighborhood foot patrol to motorized patrol.
-Creation of specialized, centrally based crime-fighting units, as for burglary.
-Reliance on technology, such as police radios, to both control and aid the policing function.

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Early Police Reform Efforts

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-Both Cincinnati and New York began police academies in the 1880's
-August Vollmer created a professional model of professional policing.
-Vollmer advocated training and education as two of the key ingredients of professionalism in policing.
-Vollmer hired college graduates for the Berkley Police Department.
-He held college classes on police administration.

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American Law Enforcement(state level)

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Model 1: State Police Model
- The agency and its officers have essentially the same enforcement powers as local police in the state and can work cases and enforce the law anywhere within the states' boundaries.
Model 2: Highway Patrol Model
- Officers focus almost exclusively on highway traffic safety, enforcement of the state's traffic laws, and investigation of accidents on the state's roads and highways.
- Investigate criminal violations on state property and in state institutions or for conducting drug interdictions.
- Help regulate commercial traffic, conduct bomb investigations, protect the governor and capitols grounds and buildings and network for the state that link up with NCIC(National Crime Information Center)
DEALS with university or campus policing