Criminal Justice 450: Test 2

Front 1

Police: Crime fighter

Back 1

"Catch Criminals"
"fight crime"
--Criminals are the enemy
--Police are the army that fights the enemy

Front 2

Herbert Packer's 1968 Crime Control model

Back 2

1. Repression of criminal conduct is the most important function
2.failure of law enforcement means the breakdown of order
4. efficiency is a top priority
6. a conveyor belt is the model of the system

Front 3

Police: Public Servant

Back 3

--Criminals are not a distinct group; they shop, pay taxes
--police have limited ability to affect crime rates one way or another because crime is a complex social phenomenon
--police as public servants serve all people, including criminals

Front 4

Packer's 1968 Due process model

Back 4

1. there is a possibility of error
2.finality is not a priority
4.efficiency is rejected if it involves short cuts

Front 5

Community policing

Back 5

A model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing law.

Front 6

Quid pro quo

Back 6

"this for that"
--we give the police these powers in order to protect us, but we also recognize that their power can be used against us.

Front 7

The Legalistic style of policing

Back 7

is described as the least amenable to discretion enforcement

Front 8

The watchman style of policing

Back 8

describes police who define situations as threatening or serious depending on the groups or individuals involved, and act accordingly

Front 9

The caretaker style of policing

Back 9

treats citizens differently depending on their relative power and position in society

Front 10

Noble Cause Corruption

Back 10

Refers to the utilitarian concept that the "end" of crime fighting justifies "means" that might otherwise be illegal, unethical, and/or against rules or regulations (such as lying on an affidavit or the witness stand or planting evidence)

Front 11

Code of silence/Blue curtain of secrecy

Back 11

name for the code of silence or the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions

Front 12

Wren v. United States

Back 12

Generally, the law allows the use of race as one element in the decision to stop, but does not allow it to be used as the sole element in the decision to stop or for profiling purposes.

Front 13

Proactive Police Investigations

Back 13

Police officers initiate investigations rather than simply respond to crimes

Front 14

Blue Lies

Back 14

Are those used to control the person or to make the job easier in situations where force could be used.

Front 15

Accepted lies

Back 15

Are those used during undercover investigations, sting operations, and so on.

Accepted lies must meed the following standards:
--they must be in furtherance of a legitimate organizational purpose
etc.

Front 16

Tolerated lies

Back 16

are those "necessary evils", such as lying about selective enforcement. Police may routinely profess to enforce certain laws (such as prostitution), while in reality, they use a selective manner of enforcement.

also, lies in interrogation or threats to trouble makers that they will be arrested if they dont stop their trouble making are also tolerated lies.

Front 17

Deviant lies

Back 17

Are those use in the courtroom to make a case or to cover up wrong doing

Front 18

Informants

Back 18

are individuals who are not police officers but assist police by providing information about criminal activity, acting as buyers in drug sales or otherwise "setting up" a criminal act so police may gather evidence against the target

Front 19

South (2001) lists reasons why informants cooperate:

Back 19

money, revenge, dementia, kicks, attention, repentance, coercion

Front 20

Reactive investigations

Back 20

A crime has already been committed and the police sift through clues to determine the perpetrator. May lead to noble cause corruption

Front 21

Dirty Harry Problem

Back 21

The question of whether police should use immoral means to reach a desired moral end

Front 22

Physical abuse by police

Back 22

excessive force, physical harassment

Front 23

psychological abuse

Back 23

disrespect, harassment, ridicule, excessive stops, intimidation

Front 24

legal abuse by police

Back 24

unlawful searches or seizures, manufacturing evidence

Front 25

Police crime

Back 25

involves situations where police officers violate criminal statues

Front 26

Police corruption

Back 26

involves offenses where the officer uses his or her position, by act or omission to obtain improper financial benefit

Front 27

abuse of power

Back 27

involves actions where officers physically injure or offend a citizen's sense of dignity

Front 28

Gratuities

Back 28

Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver

Front 29

The slippery slope argument

Back 29

that taking gratuities leads to future, more serious, deviance

Front 30

The unjust enrichment argument

Back 30

that the only honest remuneration for police officers is the paycheck

Front 31

Professional courtesy

Back 31

the practice of not ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations

Front 32

Graft

Back 32

is the exploitation of one's role by accepting bribes or protection money. Graft also occurs when officers receive kickbacks from tow truck drivers, defense attorneys, or bail bond companies for recommending them

Front 33

Explanations of corruption can be described as:

Back 33

Individual
institutional (organizational)
systemic (societal)

Front 34

Rotten-apple argument

Back 34

the proposition that the officer alone is deviant and that it was simply a mistake to hire him or her

--the point of this argument is that nothing is wrong with the barrel, that deviance is individual, not endemic

Front 35

continuum of compromise

Back 35

which refers to what happens when officers enter the profession with naive ideas about what the job will be like. Citizen disrespect, bureaucratic barriers, and the justice system's realities makes officers cynical. Cynicism leads to distrust of the administration and the citizenry. At that point, the officer is alienated and more prone to corruption

Front 36

Integrity testing

Back 36

Occurs when a police officer is placed in a position where he or she might be tempted to break a rule or law and monitored to see what he or she will do.

Front 37

Internal affairs model

Back 37

a review procedure in which police investigators receive and investigate complaints and resolve the investigations internally

Front 38

Subjective (entrapment)

Back 38

focuses on the defendant and his/her predisposition to crime.

Front 39

Objective (entrapment)

Back 39

focuses on the government and whether it provided “essential element” to the crime.