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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homicide
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The killing of a human being.
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Murder
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At common law, the unlawful killing of one person by another with malice aforethought. (premeditation.)
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Manslaughter
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The crime of unlawfully killing another person without malice.
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Malice Aforethought
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The mental predetermination to commit an illegal act.
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Heat of passion
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A violent and uncontrollable rage resulting from a provocation that would cause such a response by a reasonable person.
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Suicide
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The intention of taking one's own life.
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Premeditation
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Deliberate decision or plan to commit a crime.
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Voluntary Manslaughter
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The intentional killing of a human without malice or premeditation and usually occurring during a sudden quarrel or in the hear of passion.
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involuntary Manslaughter
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The unintentional killing of another person as the result of gross or wanton negligence.
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Justifiable Homicide
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Killing another in self-defense or defense of others when there is serious danger of death or great bodily harm to self or others or when authorized by law.
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Excusable Homicide
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A death caused by accident or misfortune.
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Doctor-Assisted Suicide
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The commission of suicide with the aid of a physician.
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Right to die
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Controversial "right" to terminate ones own life under certain circumstances.
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Provocation
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Conduct that prompts another person to react through criminal conduct.
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First-degree Murder
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The highest degree of unlawful homicide, usually defined as "an unlawful act committed with the premeditated intent to take the life of a human being."
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Felony Murder
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A homicide committed during the course of committing another felony other than murder. Example is armed robbery.
The felonious act substitutes for the malice aforethought ordinarily required in murder. |
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Second degree Murder
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A killing perpetrated by any act imminently dangerous to another and evincing a depraved mind regardless of human life, although without any premeditated design to effect the death of any particular individual.
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Depraved Mind or Heart
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A serious moral deficiency. It's a high level of malice and often linked to second-degree murder.
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Vehicular Homicide
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A homicide resulting from the unlawful and negligent operation of a motor vehicle.
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Corpus Delicti
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"The body of a crime." The material thing upon which a crime has been committed.
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Proximate Cause
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The cause that is nearest to a given effect in a casual relationship.
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Brain death
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The complete cessation of activity of the central nervous system.
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One-year-and-a-day-rule
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A common-law rule that to convict a defendant of homicide, not more than a year and a day can intervene from the defendant's criminal act to the death of the victim.
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Assisted Suicide
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The act of aiding or assisting a person to take his or her life. An offense in some jurisdictions.
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Abortion
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The intentional termination of a pregnancy.
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Fetal Viability
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That point in pregnancy at which the fetus is capable of prolonged life outside the mother's works.
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Partial-birth abortion
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A method of abortion in which the fetus is partially delivered before its life is terminated and it is removed from the mother's body.
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Assault
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The attempt to inflict bodily injury upon another person.
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Battery
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The unlawful use of force against another person that entails some injury or offensive touching.
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Aggravated Assault
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An assault committed with a dangerous weapon or with intent to commit a felony.
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Aggravated Battery
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A battery committed by use of an instrument designed to inflict great bodily harm on the victim.
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Mayhem
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At common law, the crime of injuring someone so as to render that person less able to fight.
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Hazing
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Intentional or reckless physical or mental harassment, abuse, or humiliation, often as part of an initiation.
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Stalking
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Following or placing a person under surveillance and threatening that person with bodily harm, sexual assault, confinement, or restraint, or placing that person in reasonable fear of bodily harm, sexual assault, confinement, or restraint.
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Cyberstalking
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Harassing and threatening a person through persistent online contact so that person is placed in fear for his or her safety.
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Carnal Knowledge
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An antiquated (old) term for sexual intercourse.
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Common-law Rape
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Rape as it was defined by the English common law.
Example: Sexual intercourse by a male with a female, other than his wife, by force and against the will of the female. |
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Forcible Rape
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Sexual intercourse by force and against the will of the victim.
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Statutory Rape
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The strict liability offense of having sexual intercourse with a minor, irrespective (Consent of someone else, not counting the minor's consent.) of the minor's consent.
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Marital Exception
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The traditional common-law principle that a husband could not be guilty of raping his wife.
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Hale's Rule
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English Common law doctrine credited to Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice in the seventeenth century, holding that a husband could not be charged with the rape of his wife.
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Force
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The element of compulsion in such crimes against persons as rape and robbery.
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Consent
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Voluntarily yielding to the wall of desire of another person.
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Gender-Neutral offense
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A crime that may be committed by members of either sex against members of either sex.
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Rape Shield Laws
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Statutes that protect the identity of a rape victim and/or prevent disclosure of a victim's sexual history.
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Sexual Penetration
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Sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fallatio, and intercourse, or any other intrusion. However slight of any part of a person's body or any object into the genital or anal openings of another person's body.
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Sexual Contact
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The intentional touching of the victim's intimate parts or the intentional touching of the clothing covering the immediate area of the victim's intimate parts. If that intentional touching is part of intentional reason to arouse.
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Rape Trauma Syndrome
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A recurring pattern of physical and emotional symptoms experienced by rape victims.
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Megan's Law
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Name applied to statutes that require convicted sex offenders, upon release from prison, to register with local law enforcement agencies.
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Impotency
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Lacking in power, in reference to a male, the inability to achieve an erection.
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Sodomy
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Oral or anal sex between persons or sex between a person and an animal. The latter act is commonly referred to as "bestiality."
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Child Abuse
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Actions that physically, mentally or emotionally endanger the welfare of a child.
Neglect is as well part of this. |
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Endangering the welfare of a Child
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Knowingly acting in a manner likely to be injurious to the physical, mental or moral welfare of a child.
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Spousal Abuse
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Physical, emotional or even sexual abuse of one's husband or wife.
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Abuse of the Elderly
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Infliction of physical or mental harm on elderly persons.
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False Imprisonment
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Also known as false arrest.
This is where the tort or crime of unlawfully restraining a person. |
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Kidnapping
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The forcible abduction and carrying away of a person against that person's will.
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Asportation
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The carrying away of something. (This could be with kidnapping when you are carrying away the victim or with larceny where you are carrying away with the victim's property.)
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Simple Kidnapping
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The abduction of another person without a demand for ransom.
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Kidnapping for Ransom
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The offense of unlawfully taking and confining a person until a specified payment is made to the offender.
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Hostage Taking
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The act in which the perpetrator of a robbery or some other crime forcibly detains innocent bystanders.
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Child Snatching
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Action taken by one parent to deliberately retain or conceal a child from the other parent.
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Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA)
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A law in force in all fifty states that generally continues jurisdiction for custody of children in the home or resident state of the child.
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Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA)
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A federal act adopted in 1980 designed to prevent jurisdictional conflicts over child custody matters. The primary goal of the statute is to reduce any incentive for parental child snatching.
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Civil Rights
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In general, this term refers to all the rights protected by the federal and state constitutions and statutes. The term is often used to denote the right to be free from unlawful discrimination.
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Hate Crimes
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Crimes in which the victim is selected on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexual orientation.
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Tangible Property
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Property that has physical form, substance and value in itself.
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Larceny
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A synonym for theft.
At common law, larceny was defined as the unlawful taking of property with the intent of permanently depriving the owner of same. |
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False Pretenses
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The crime of obtaining money or property through misrepresentation.
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Embezzlement
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The crime of using a position of trust or authority to transfer or convert the money or property of another to oneself.
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Receiving stolen property
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Knowingly receiving possession and control of personal property belonging to another with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of possession of such property.
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Grand Theft
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Major form of larceny.
Theft of a sufficient value of property to make the crime a felony. |
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Petit Theft
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Minor form of larceny. Theft of property of sufficiently small value that the offense is classified as a misdemeanor.
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Intent to Deprive
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The willful design to take goods or services from another without permission or authority of law.
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Robbery
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The crime of taking money or property from a person against that person's will by means of force or intimidation.
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Aggravated Robbery
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A robbery made worse by one or more aggravating factors, such as the perpetrator being armed with a dangerous weapon or actually inflicting harm on the victim.
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Carjacking
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Taking a motor vehicle from someone by force and violence or by intimidation.
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Extortion
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Also known as blackmail.
This is the crime of obtaining money or property by threats of force or the inducement of fear. |
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Blackmail
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Another term for Extortion.
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Forgery
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The crime of making a false written instrument or materially altering a written instrument with the intent of defraud.
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Uttering a Forged Instrument
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The crime of passing a false or worthless instrument, such as a check, with the intent to defraud or injure the recipient.
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Counterfeiting
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Making an imitation of something with the intent to deceive.
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Worthless-Check Statutes
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Laws making it an offense to knowingly pass a worthless check.
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Burglary
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At common law, breaking and entering a dwelling of another during a nighttime with the intent to commit a felony therein.
Modern statutes typically expand the offense beyond dwellings and eliminate the "nighttime" element. |
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Breaking and Entering
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Forceful, unlawful entry into a building or conveyance.
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Home Invasion
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A more heinous form of burglary, in which the perpetrator is armed with a dangerous weapon or persons are present in the home at the time of the break-in.
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Possession of Burglar's tools
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The knowing control of instruments, machines, or substances designed to enable one to forcefully break into buildings or vaults in order to carry out the intent to steal or destroy property.
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Arson
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The crime of intentionally burning someone else's house or building. It as well extends to other property.
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Malicious Mischief
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Synonym for vandalism.
This is the willful destruction of the property of another person. |
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Vandalism
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Synonym for malicious mischief.
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White-Collar Crimes
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Economic offenses characterized by deception or abuse of trust and often involving the use of computer or other modern technologies.
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Organized Crime
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Syndicates involved in racketeering and other criminal activities.
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Loan Sharking
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The practice of lending money at illegal rates of interest.
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Racketerring
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A system of organized crime traditionally involving the extortion of money from businesses by intimidation, violence, or other illegal methods.
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Corporate defendants
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Corporations charged with criminal offenses.
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Scope of an agent's authority
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In white-collar crime cases, the scope of an agent's authority depends on whether the commission of the offense was authorized, requested, commanded, performed, or recklessly tolerated by the board of directors or by a high managerial agent acting in behalf of the corporation within the scope of his or her office or employment.
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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A federal statute prohibiting any contact, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade.
This act is designed to protect and preserve a system of free and open competition. |
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Antitrust Violations
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Violations of laws designed to protect the public from price-fixing, price discrimination, and monopolistic practices in trade and commerce.
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Price-fixing
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Sellers unlawfully entering into agreements as to the price of products or services.
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Bid Rigging
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Illegally manipulating the submission of bids to obtain a contract, usually from a public body.
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Computer Fraud and Abuse act
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Federal law criminalizing fraud and related activity in connection with computers.
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Access Devices
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Cards, plates, codes, electronic serial numbers, personal identification numbers, and telecommunications services, equipment, instrument identifiers, and other means that can be used to obtain goods or services.
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USA PATRIOT Act
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Controversial act of congress enacted in 2001 to strengthen the general government's efforts to combat terrorism.
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Theft of computer services
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Stealing software, data, computer access codes, computer time and so on.
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Computer Fraud
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An offense consisting of obtaining property or services by false pretenses through use of a computer or computer network.
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Computer Tresspass
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An offense consisting of the unauthorized copying, alteration, or removal of computer data, programs or software.
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Cybercrimes
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Crimes committed by using computers and the internet.
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Access Device Fraud
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The crime of knowingly producing, using, or trafficking in counterfeit credit cards, personal identification numbers, access codes, account numbers and etc.
This is with the intent to fraudulently obtain money, goods or services. |
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Identity Theft
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The crime of using someone else's personal information.
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Intellectual Property
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Products of the human intellect, such as inventions, plays, stories, films, music, and trade secrets.
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Patent
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A government grant of the right to exclude others from producing or using a discovery or invention for a certain period of time.
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Copyright
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A form of legal protection provided to the authors of original literary, musical, artistic, and architectural works as well as videos, computer software and databases.
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Bootlegging
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The crime of knowingly trafficking in counterfeit labels affixed or designed to be affixed to copies of musical recordings, computer programs, motion pictures and etc.
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Trademark
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A distinctive word, phrase, or graphic symbol used to distinguish a commercial product.
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Trademark Counterfeiting
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The offense of using a registered trademark to falsely market a product or service.
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