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5 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biological theories |
intergenerational transmission - children of criminal parents more likely to be criminals than children of non-criminal parents variations in biological functioning that occur over an individuals development that increase or decrease risk of criminal behaviour e.g adolescence environmental events change biological funciton which increases propensity for crime (alcohol, drugs, brain injuries) evolution r/K theory - r-selected strategy = opportunism, impulsivity, aggression, dominance - K-selected strategy = cautiousness, self control, social cooperation |
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behavioural theories |
classical conditioning = pairing of unrelated stimuli can lead to learned assocations - Ivan Pavlov unconditioned stimulus triggers unconditioned response when neutral stimulus is repeated it becomes a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response operant conditioning = behaviour is shaped by consequences - BF Skinner reinforcement = increases chances of repeated behaviour punishment = decreases changes of repeated behaviour positive = stimulus added negative = stimulus removed |
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social learning theory |
- human learning takes place in social environment - observations - behaviour is modelled on behaviour of others - vicarious learning = observing the consequences of others behaviour |
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social ecology theory |
behaviour is influenced by multiple social spheres internal, family, peers, neighbourhood, larger society often used with youth offending |
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situational theories |
how situations evoke behaviour rational choice = offenders commit crime to derive a benefit - offence less likely to occur when expected benefits are outweighed by costs four ways enivornment can precipitate crime 1. present cues that prompt individual to commit offence 2. exert social pressure to offend 3. weaken moral constraints and permit offender to offend 4. produce emotional arousal that provokes criminal response antisocial predators = seek out crime opportunities mundane offenders = resist tempations but occaisionally seize opportunity provoked offenders = react to certain frustrations or social pressures |
