Creams, Ointments, Gels

Front 1

definition of an ointment

Back 1

semisolid preparation intended for external application to skin or mucous membrane

Front 2

What is the difference between topical dermatological and transdermal products?

Back 2

Topical - deliver drug into skin in treating dermal disorders with the skin as the target organ

Transdermal - delivers drugs through skin for systemic effects

Front 3

What are some types of non-medicated ointments?

Back 3

Emollients: softening
Protective Barriers: anti-dehydrants
Base or Vehicle

Front 4

What are the 4 types of ointment bases?

Back 4

Oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble

Front 5

Describe an oleaginous base

Back 5

-emollient effect
-effective as occlusive dressing
-remain on skin for long time due to their immiscibility with water
-greasy

Front 6

4 examples of oleaginous bases

Back 6

1)Petrolatum - purified mix of semisolid hydrocarbons from petroleum, ex)vasoline

2)White petrolatum - decolorized petrolatum

3)yellow ointment

4)mineral oil - liquid petrolatum

Front 7

What may be used as levigating agent to incorporate powder into hydrocarbon bases?

Back 7

mineral oil

Front 8

Describe absorption bases

Back 8

-absorb water, drying agent
-non water soluble
-emollient
-greasy

Front 9

3 types of absorption bases

Back 9

1)Hydrophilic Petrolatum - contains cholesterol (emulsifier)

2)Lanolin - purified, wax like, may be anhydrous

3) cold cream

Front 10

Compare emulsifiable bases with emulsified bases

Back 10

absorption bases

Emulsifiable - permit incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in water-in-oil emulsions

Emulsified - water-in-oil emulsions that permit incorporation of additional aqueous solutions

Front 11

Describe water-removable bases

Back 11

-hydrophilic
-oil-in-water emulsions resembling creams
- easily washed from skin
- can absorb serous discharge
-non occlusive

Front 12

What are methylparaben and propylparaben used for?

Back 12

preservatives in water-removable bases

Front 13

describe water-soluble bases

Back 13

- no oleaginous components
- completely water washable
- non greasy
- mostly used for incorporation of solids
- non occlusive

Front 14

What is polyethylene glycol ointment an example of?

Back 14

a water-soluble base

Front 15

What is generally applied to dry, scaly skin?

Back 15

ointments

Front 16

What is generally applied to weeping or oozing surfaces?

Back 16

cream

Front 17

what is generally applied to areas where friction may occur?

Back 17

lotion

Front 18

What are the 2 methods of ointment preparation?

Back 18

1) Incorporation-levigation: physically mixed until uniform

2)Fusion: melted together and cooled with constant mixing

Front 19

What are the compendial requirements for ointments?

Back 19

-microbial content
-minimum fill
-packaging, storage, and labelling

Front 20

Definition of creams

Back 20

semisolid dosage form containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base

Front 21

what are the main uses of creams and why are they preferred?

Back 21

-topical skin products
-rectal and vaginal

-preferred due to ease of spread and removal

Front 22

What is Vanishing Cream?

Back 22

- o/w emulsion with high water content

- humectant, helps retain water

-forms thin layer of film after water evaporates

Front 23

How are vanishing creams prepared?

Back 23

incorporation of stearic acid into o/w emulsion

Front 24

What are cold creams and rose water ointments examples of?

Back 24

creams

Front 25

What are Eucerin, polysorb hydrate, and Nivea cream examples of?

Back 25

w/o emulsion bases

Front 26

definition of a gel

Back 26

-semisolid system consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid

-may contain surface-active agents to enhance solubility of therapeutic agent

Front 27

What are the 2 classifications of gels?

Back 27

Single-Phase: macromolecules uniformly distributed with no boundaries between dispersed macromolecules and liquid

Two-Phase: gel mass consisting of flocules of small distinct particles

Front 28

What is a magma and give an example

Back 28

-two phase system gel

Milk of Magnesia - gelatinous precipitate of Mg(OH)2, may thicken

Front 29

What are transdermal preparations?

Back 29

-deliver drugs systematically through the skin by use of a penetration enhancer

Front 30

What is Pluronic Lecithin Organogel?

Back 30

-transdermal preparation that aids in rapid penetration of active drugs through skin

Front 31

What is a paste and give an example

Back 31

-semisolid dosage form that contains one or more drug substances intended for topical use

Zinc Oxide Paste

Front 32

When are pastes useful?

Back 32

-to absorb serous secretions
-not too compatible with hair body parts

Front 33

What are plasters?

Back 33

solid or semisolid adhesive mass spread on backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic

-provide prolonged contact or protection/support

Front 34

What is salicylic acid plaster used for/

Back 34

corn removal

Front 35

How does the skin surface affect ointments?

Back 35

-surface area dependent
-hair follicles and gland ducts can provide entry, but too little

Front 36

How does the stratum corneum effect ointment?

Back 36

-thicker corneum results in less penetration

Front 37

What is ointment treatment based on?

Back 37

qualitative measures because therapeutically effective drug concentrations in skin is not known

Front 38

How to ophthalmic topical applications work?

Back 38

-simple diffusion through cornea
-conjuctive and sclera alternate routes
-lipophilic drugs work better
-should have softness point near body temp

Front 39

What drugs should not be formulated as ointments?

Back 39

those prone to hydrolysis

Front 40

What should not be applied to lesions?

Back 40

hydrophobic ointment bases