Craniovertebral Joints And Pharynx

Front 1

a. What is the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane? What structures does it connect?

Back 1

i. A continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament
ii. Anterior arch of atlas and anterior margin of foramen magnum

Front 2

b. What is the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane? What structures does it connect?

Back 2

i. Continuation of the ligamentum flavum
ii. Posterior arch of atlas and posterior margin of foramen magnum

Front 3

c. What structure perforates the inferior margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane?

Back 3

i. Vertebral artery

Front 4

d. What is the tectorial membrane? What structures does it connect?

Back 4

i. Continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament
ii. Axis and anterior margin of foramen magnum

Front 5

e. What does the transverse part of the cruciform ligament connect? What joint does it help form?

Back 5

i. Lateral masses and anterior arch of atlas to odontoid process
ii. Medial atlanto-axial joint

Front 6

f. What does the vertical part of the cruciform ligament connect?

Back 6

i. Body of axis and anterior margin of foramen magnum

Front 7

g. What does the alar ligament connect? What does it restrict?

Back 7

i. Lateral sides of odontoid process and foramen magnum
ii. Minimizes rotation

Front 8

h. What does the apical ligament connect?

Back 8

i. Dens and foramen magnum

Front 9

i. What causes a burst fracture?

Back 9

1. Excessive axial compression
2. OR severe hyperextension resulting in posterior arch fractures

Front 10

ii. What is fractured in a Jefferson’s fracture? What is displaced?

Back 10

1. Arches of atlas
2. Lateral masses displaced laterally

Front 11

iii. What is fractured in a Hangman’s fracture?

Back 11

1. Pedicles of the axis (pars interarticularis)

Front 12

iv. What is the mechanism of a Hangman’s fracture?

Back 12

1. Force when neck is hyperextended

Front 13

v. What structure is damaged in a fracture of the dens?

Back 13

1. Transverse ligament

Front 14

vi. What is the mechanism of a fracture of the dens?

Back 14

1. Most commonly anterior displacement
2. sometimes can be posterior displacement

Front 15

a. What is the vertical span of the pharynx?

Back 15

i. Sphenoidal body
ii. Esophagus

Front 16

b. What is Waldeyer’s Ring?

Back 16

i. Ring of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx

Front 17

c. What nerve provides motor innervation to the pharynx?

Back 17

Vagus does everything except for stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by glossopharyngeal

Front 18

d. What nerves provide sensory innervation to the pharynx?

Back 18

Maxillary - Upper portion of nasopharynx
Glossopharyngeal does everything else.
In notes, vagus does some as well

Front 19

1. From where does the superior constrictor muscle arise anteriorly?

Back 19

a. Pterygoid hamulus and pterygomandibular raphe

Front 20

2. What are the posterior origins of the superior constrictor muscle posteriorly?

Back 20

a. Pharyngeal tubercle at base of skull
b. Pharyngeal raphe at midline

Front 21

3. What is the pharyngobasilar fascia?

Back 21

a. Fills in gap between musculature at base of skull between anterior and posterior sites of superior constrictor muscle

Front 22

4. What passes through the pharyngobasilar fascia?

Back 22

a. Levator veli palatine
b. Pharyngotympanic tube
c. Ascending palatine artery

Front 23

1. From where does the middle constrictor arise anteriorly?

Back 23

a. Lesser and greater horns of hyoid bone
b. Lower part of stylohyoid ligament

Front 24

2. What are the posterior origins of the middle constrictor?

Back 24

a. Pharyngeal raphe

Front 25

4. What passes through the anterior gap between the middle and superior constrictors?

Back 25

a. Stylopharyngeus
b. Stylohyoid ligament
c. Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 26

1. What are the anterior origins of the inferior constrictor?

Back 26

a. Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
b. Cricoid cartilage

Front 27

2. What is the relationship of the inferior constrictor with the cricothyroid muscle?

Back 27

a. Arches over the cricothyroid

Front 28

3. What is the posterior origin of the inferior constrictor?

Back 28

a. Pharyngeal raphe

Front 29

5. What passes through the anterior gap between the middle and inferior constrictors?

Back 29

a. Internal laryngeal nerve
b. Superior laryngeal artery

Front 30

6. What makes up the cricopharyngeus? What is its function?

Back 30

a. Lower fibers of inferior constrictor
b. Acts as sphincter between pharynx and esophagus

Front 31

7. At what level do the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior laryngeal artery enter the pharynx?

Back 31

a. Lower border of cricopharyngeus

Front 32

a. From where does the salpingopharyngeus arise? With what does it blend?

Back 32

i. Pharyngotympanic tube
ii. Posterior wall of pharynx

Front 33

a. From where does the palatopharyngeus arise? With what does it blend?

Back 33

i. Hard palate
ii. Side of pharyngeal wall

Front 34

a. From where does the stylopharyngeus arise?

Back 34

i. Styloid process between superior and middle constrictors

Front 35

b. To what structure does the stylopharyngeus attach?

Back 35

i. Attaches inferiorly to upper border of thyroid cartilage

Front 36

c. What is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus?

Back 36

i. Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 37

1. What is the buccopharyngeal fascia?

Back 37

a. Thin layer that forms the outer covering of the pharynx

Front 38

2. What is embedded within the buccopharyngeal fascia?

Back 38

a. Pharyngeal plexus of nerves

Front 39

1. What structures does the pharyngobasilar fascia separate?

Back 39

a. Separates mucous membrane and submucosa form muscle layer of pharynx

Front 40

2. Where does the pharyngobasilar fascia lie?

Back 40

a. In gap between upper borders of superior constrictors and base of skull

Front 41

i. From where does the ascending pharyngeal artery arise?

Back 41

1. ECA

Front 42

ii. From where does the ascending palatine artery arise?

Back 42

1. Facial artery

Front 43

iii. From where does the descending palatine artery arise?

Back 43

1. Maxillary artery

Front 44

iv. Into what does the pharyngeal plexus of veins drain?

Back 44

1. Pterygoid plexus

Front 45

v. What vein is the source of bleeding in tonsillectomies?

Back 45

1. External palatine vein

Front 46

vi. What does the maxillary nerve supply to the pharynx?

Back 46

1. Sensory to upper part of pharynx

Front 47

vii. What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply to the pharynx?

Back 47

1. Sensory to lower part of pharynx

Front 48

viii. What are the sensory and motor nerves involved in the gag reflex?

Back 48

1. Sensory→ glossopharyngeal
2. Motor→ vagus

Front 49

ix. What set of lymph nodes drain the pharynx and tonsils?

Back 49

1. Jugulodigastric nodes

Front 50

i. What is the span of the nasopharynx?

Back 50

1. Body of sphenoid to soft palate

Front 51

ii. What connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavities?

Back 51

1. Choanae

Front 52

iii. Where is the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube located?

Back 52

1. Nasopharynx

Front 53

i. What separates the oral cavity and the oropharynx?

Back 53

1. Tongue
2. Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

Front 54

ii. What separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx?

Back 54

1. Soft palate

Front 55

iii. What is the inferior border of the oropharynx?

Back 55

1. Epiglottis

Front 56

i. What is the location of the laryngopharynx in relation to the larynx?

Back 56

1. Posterior

Front 57

ii. What is the span of the laryngopharynx?

Back 57

1. Superior border of epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

Front 58

iii. How does the laryngopharynx communicate with the larynx?

Back 58

1. Through the laryngeal inlet

Front 59

a. What is the voluntary part of deglutition?

Back 59

i. Bolus of food is compressed between palate and tongue
ii. Bolus pushed into oropharynx by tongue

Front 60

b. What muscle pushes the bolus of food into the oropharynx (voluntarily)?

Back 60

i. Styloglossus

Front 61

c. What is the involuntary part of deglutition?

Back 61

i. Soft palate is elevated to seal nasopharynx
ii. Suprahyoid muscles and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract to elevate the larynx and force it against the base of the tongue
iii. Epiglottis forced against pharyngeal wall and tipping it down
iv. Peristalsis pushes food down farther

Front 62

d. What is the glossopharyngeal nerve’s function in deglutition?

Back 62

i. Sensory for reflex and motor to stylopharyngeus

Front 63

e. What is the function of the hypoglossal and vagus nerves in deglutition?

Back 63

i. Motor

Front 64

f. What is the function of the trigeminal nerve in deglutition?

Back 64

i. Motor to tensor veli palatini