Craniofacial-Quiz 1-Facial Development

Front 1

In Face development. 2 Embryological Processes which occur separately or together must come together to form 1 continuous process in one of two ways?

Back 1

Merging and/or Fusion. Most of the time both occurs.

Front 2

Facial Development. Merging.

Back 2

Grooves between 2 processes disappear because the mesenchyme has proliferated and migrated. It’s like filling a hole in between two similar things making it one.

Front 3

Facial Developmental merging Occurs in?

Back 3

Maxillary Processes. Mandibular Processes and 
Median-Nasal Processes

Front 4

Facial developmental fusion.

Back 4

The 2 different processes converge/touch but the intervening epithelium has disintegrated. No Epithelium between the 2 processes --> Fused single process.

Front 5

Facial developmental fusion occurs in?

Back 5

Maxillary Process. Median-Nasal Process. Lateral-Nasal Process. Palatine shelves.

Front 6

By what week are there 5 facial bulges/prominences?

Back 6

week 4

Front 7

What are the 5 facial bulges/prominences?

Back 7

1. Frontonasal prominence
2. Maxillary Prominences
3. Mandibular prominences
4. Nasal/Olfactory Placodes

Front 8

1. Frontonasal prominence

Back 8

upper border of stomodeum. Will form bridge of the nose.

Front 9

2. Maxillary Prominances

Back 9

lateral to stomodeum

Front 10

3. Mandibular prominences

Back 10

Mandibular processes give rise to mandibular arch. Caudal to stomodeum. Processes are soft tissues. No proper support in them. Process fuse and then cartilage will form inside.

Front 11

4. Nasal/Olfactory Placodes

Back 11

thickenings of surface ectoderm (epithelium) on each side of frontonasal prominence.

Front 12

Embryo week 5/6 the nasal placodes invaginate and form?

Back 12

nasal pits creating nasal prominences. Lateral and medial nasal prominences.

Front 13

At week 6 the mandibular processes have fused and become?

Back 13

a mandible

Front 14

The nasolacrimal groove (ectoderm) separates the maxillary and lateral nasal prominences via apoptosis forming?

Back 14

The nasolacrimal duct-lacrimal sac

Front 15

2 median nasal prominences fuse together as a single structure forming?

Back 15

median nasal process

Front 16

Frontonasal prominence forms?

Back 16

bridge of nose

Front 17

The combined median nasal processes form?

Back 17

nasal septum

Front 18

2 lateral nasal processes form?

Back 18

Wings of the nose

Front 19

Primitive lips lead to?

Back 19

lip formation

Front 20

Muscles invade from mesenchyme. Mesenchyme = Neuromeres and Give rise to?

Back 20

1. Muscles of Facial Expression From 2nd Arch. 2. Muscles of Mastication From 1st Arch.

Front 21

There is Medial growth of the 2 lateral maxillary prominences/processes. 2 medial nasal nasal processes merge to form?

Back 21

intermaxillary segment. No bone formation begins until the 2 lateral maxillary process and the intermaxillary segment are merged together.

Front 22

The intermaxillary segment gives rise to?

Back 22

1. Labial component → philtrum of lip 2. 4 anterior teeth (incisors only) 3. Primary palate

Front 23

Medial nasal prominence along with intermaxillary segment forms?

Back 23

primary palate

Front 24

NASAL CAVITIES. Oronasal membrane separates pits from?

Back 24

primitive oral cavity.

Front 25

Nasal pit gives rise to?

Back 25

primitive nasal cavity

Front 26

Oronasal Membrane Breakdown leads to Continuity between the back of the nasal cavity and nasal pharynx forming?

Back 26

Primitive Choanae.

Front 27

With formation of “secondary palate” and further development of primitive nasal chambers. This leads to the?

Back 27

Definitive Choanae.

Front 28

Secondary palate forms at week?

Back 28

6.5 The lateral palatine\palatine shelves. They grow in only one direction because of the tongue.

Front 29

Week 7.5. Once the mandible drops and lowers it does what?

Back 29

pulls the tongue down.

Front 30

Week 10. The two palatine shelves have fused. Concept of fusion.

Back 30

The epithelium of each shelf intermixes and fuses together and they also fuse with the nasal septum forming the hard palate.

Front 31

What 4 things must happen for the palate to close?

Back 31

1. Mandible Lowers down 2. Tongue flattens out 3. 2 lateral palatine processes undergo an inward migration bending 90 degrees. 4. Inner edges of the lateral palatine processes currently facing the tongue will end up on top of the shelf facing the bottom of the median nasal process and they must fuse with the bottom of the median nasal process.

Front 32

Any disruptions of palate closing process will lead to?

Back 32

Cleft palate

Front 33

The mandible lowers down during the palate closure creating?

Back 33

greater space and dragging the tongue downward with it.

Front 34

During the palate closure the tongue flattens out and becomes shorter and flatter and increasing in?

Back 34

size

Front 35

During the palate closure. 2 lateral processes undergo an inward migration and bend 90 degrees which allows them to come upward. The bottom edges will meet and merge at the midline and give you the?

Back 35

primitive shelf

Front 36

Primary palate is derived from the?

Back 36

Intermaxillary segment

Front 37

The main part of the palate is formed from?

Back 37

Palatal shelves/processes from maxillary process

Front 38

What are the types of palatal clefts?

Back 38

1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Posterior Continuous w/ anterior cleft

Front 39

Anterior Clefts are barely visible defect in lip and cleft in nose. There are what two types?

Back 39

Unilateral cleft and lateral cleft

Front 40

Unilateral Cleft

Back 40

if the primary palate doesn’t properly connect the intermaxillary segment and maxillary process by fusing. There can also be a bilateral anterior clefts.

Front 41

Lateral cleft lip

Back 41

upper jaw and clefts between primary and secondary plates: palatal/complete lack of fusion of maxillary prominences with medial nasal prominences on 1 or both sides.

Front 42

Posterior cleft palate

Back 42

primary palate is normal but the 2 shelves don’t fuse

Front 43

When there is a Cleft in secondary palate and uvula there is a lack of?

Back 43

fusion of the shelves. Decrease size of shelves. Failure of shelves to elevate. There is an inhibition of the fusion process itself and a failure of the tongue to drop.

Front 44

Posterior clefts: entire secondary palate →

Back 44

clefts of uvula only (bifid uvula)

Front 45

Posterior Continuous w/ anterior cleft includes;

Back 45

cleft lip. Cleft mandible. And cleft palate

Front 46

Oblique facial clefts/meloschisis:

Back 46

failure of fusion of maxillary prominences to merge with corresponding lateral prominences. Corner of the eye all the way down to the lip.

Front 47

Lateral facial clefts/macrostomia

Back 47

another clinical correlate.

Front 48

Medial/median cleft lip:

Back 48

incomplete merging of 2 medial nasal prominences in midline.

Front 49

Medial/median maxillary cleft lip

Back 49

don’t get the proper amount of tissue in the intermaxillary segment. Insufficient amount of mesenchyme. Extends straight up the midline. Has a triangular look.

Front 50

Medial/median cleft mandible:

Back 50

2 Mandibular Process’ didn’t 
merge correctly at the bottom. The whole mandible is open

Front 51

Cleft Lips are more common than?

Back 51

Cleft Palates & more common in Males.

Front 52

Bifid uvula

Back 52

a little cleft between it. Looks like a heart shaped uvula or can be more complete in the separation.

Front 53

Midline cleft.

Back 53

all the way up the midline there are defects in the formation of the tissue. Eyes could be close together. Maybe only 1 cerebral hemisphere. So potential for many neural problems.

Front 54

Day 16 you get the formation of?

Back 54

Embryo Primitive streak on the embryotic disc. Cells undergo mitosis they go up the ridge and down the ridge. Ex. Bar of philly cream cheese and you stick your finger creating a pit. Create the streak.

Front 55

What are the cells you see in Day 16?

Back 55

the cells that represent the epiblast layer. Epiblast cells.

Front 56

A round structure is formed as well on day 16 called the?

Back 56

node

Front 57

Epiblast moving outward on the embryonic disc will form the?

Back 57

mesoderm and endoderm.

Front 58

Day 19 and 20 what forms?

Back 58

Neural tube

Front 59

Neural crest cells form?

Back 59

neural tube. Neural crest cells are derived from the epiblast cells

Front 60

Notocord acts a neural ____?

Back 60

inductor. Causes the epiblasts to form neural folds leading to the formation of the neural tube.

Front 61

Neural tube gives rise to the?

Back 61

nervous system.

Front 62

Neural plate is stimulated to give rise to?

Back 62

neural folds

Front 63

The primitive streak disappears when?

Back 63

3rd week to 4th week

Front 64

The forebrain is known as the?

Back 64

prosencephalon.

Front 65

Midbrain is known as?

Back 65

mesencephalon

Front 66

How many total somites are there?

Back 66

42-44 roughly. Indicative of age. When you can’t make a correlation anymore you use the ultrasound and use actual measurements.

Front 67

Development of the pituitary. Once you get the primitive oral cavity forming. Cells push in and you get a little structure that forms that has a hollow area called?

Back 67

Rathke’s pouch. Off the anterior wall you get formation of the anterior lobe

Front 68

Pars tuberalis encircles?

Back 68

The infundibular stalk

Front 69

Pars nervosa forms?

Back 69

posterior lobe of the pituitary

Front 70

Gyri and Sulci at 7 and 9 Months.

Back 70

You go from a smooth flat surface to a highly convoluted surface and increase surface area and increase brain capacity

Front 71

What is the action of the genes?

Back 71

These genes are affected by various signaling molecule

Front 72

BMPs

Back 72

plays a role in formation of bone, dentin and cartilage

Front 73

SHH

Back 73

sonic hedge hog gene

Front 74

Mieningocele

Back 74

meninges protrude

Front 75

MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE

Back 75

meninges and brain tissue protrude

Front 76

Meningohydrocephalocele

Back 76

the worst case. Meninges brain tissue and ventricles protrude.

Front 77

Anencephaly

Back 77

no brain

Front 78

Craniorachischisis

Back 78

you are missing the brain. Zero survival.

Front 79

Hydrocephalus

Back 79

blockage of the aqueduct of sylvius.

Front 80

Microcephaly

Back 80

development of the brain doesn’t form properly. The sutures of bone form too early and prevent more brain growth. Macrocephaly doesn’t cause damage.

Front 81

Holoprosencephaly

Back 81

alcohol damages neural crest cells. Teratogens too. It messes up the fate maps. Causes all sorts of problems. Malformations of the nose. Eyes close together.

Front 82

Spina Bifida

Back 82

vertebral arches don’t close and are left open.

Front 83

Spina bifida oculta

Back 83

least serious. 1 vertebra isn’t closed but the skin is there. There’s usually hair that develops in that spot.

Front 84

Meningocele spina bifida

Back 84

meninges pushes out

Front 85

Meningomyelocele

Back 85

meninges plus the spinal cord push out

Front 86

Rachischisis Spina bifida

Back 86

neural tissue exists as a flattened plate or you get one fold and not two so you can’t form a tube.

Front 87

Worst condition of spina bifida is?

Back 87

spina bifida cystica. Exposure of the spinal cord. Neural tissue protruding out.

Front 88

Transverse processes of each vertebra give rise to?

Back 88

the rib cage

Front 89

Neural Tube defects. How does the CNS form?

Back 89

Primitive streak → Induction of Notochord (via thickening of the ectoderm) → neural plate → neural folds → neural groove → neural tube → CNS

Front 90

Hollow dorsal neural tube is the definition of a?

Back 90

vertebrata

Front 91

Neural tube closes via →

Back 91

2 Bilateral Ectodermal Thickenings.

Front 92

Otic Placodes forms?

Back 92

hearing and equilibrium structures

Front 93

Lens Placodes form?

Back 93

lenses

Front 94

Cranial(Anterior) & Caudal (Posterior) Neuropore must close. Anterior Neuropore always closes prior to the Posterior which is Required for?

Back 94

Cephalization.

Front 95

Cephalization

Back 95

Cephalic expansion of the neural tube to form the brain.

Front 96

Brain Vesicles

Back 96

Cephalic end of neural tube shows 3 dilations once it closes. And the brain vesicles are hollow.

Front 97

Anterior neural pore closes on what day?

Back 97

25. Caudal neural pore on day 28.

Front 98

Prosencephalon (forebrain) forms the?

Back 98

cerebral hemispheres and 1st and 2nd lateral ventricles. Comprises Telencephalon and Diencephalon.

Front 99

Telencephalon:

Back 99

Primitive cerebral hemispheres → Cerebral Hemispheres. Lateral Ventricles (Ventricles 1 & 2).

Front 100

Diencephalon:

Back 100

Outgrowth of optic vesicles (Optic Stalks) → Optic Nerve & Retina. Also comprises Epiphysis and Hypophysis. Hypothalamus and Thalamus and third ventricle. Pituitary gland etc.

Front 101

Hypothalamus will give rise to the?

Back 101

pineal body/epiphysis

Front 102

Epiphysis forms?

Back 102

Pineal Gland.

Front 103

Hypophysis leads to the?

Back 103

Neural Portion of Pituitary Gland & Induce the formation of the epithelial portion. Epithelial Portion of Pituitary Gland comes from all Ectoderm & Roof of Stomodeum (epithelium).

Front 104

Floor of Diencephalon has?

Back 104

Hypothalamus

Front 105

Cerebral hemispheres contains what ventricles?

Back 105

1 and 2

Front 106

Later Walls & Most of the Top of the diencephalon

Back 106

Thalamus

Front 107

Mesencephalon

Back 107

(midbrain)
i. Aqueduct of Sylvius (Cerebral Aqueduct) ii. Does not really change.

Front 108

The aqueduct of sylvius establishes a connection between?

Back 108

the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

Front 109

Pons means?

Back 109

bridge. Has many nerve structures and connections

Front 110

Rhombencephalon

Back 110

(hind brain) 4th ventricle Parts are: Metencephalon: Cerebellum & Pons. Has ventricle 4. Myelencephalon: Medulla Oblongata.

Front 111

Myelencephalon contains a Series of what 3 Holes?

Back 111

1. Foramina of Luschka and Monroe. 2. Allow fluid (CSF) to escape out of the 
CNS and enter the Sub-Arachnoid 
Space. 3. If they do not form it causesHydrocephalus.

Front 112

Pontine flexure marks the boundary between?

Back 112

Metencephalon and Meyelencephalon

Front 113

Flexures:

Back 113

Expansion causes Longitudinal & Lateral Flexions. Cephalic and Cervical flexure.

Front 114

Cephalic (Mesencephalic) Flexure:

Back 114

midbrain region 
Occurs between Prosencephalon & Mesencephalon.

Front 115

Cervical (Rhombencephalic) Flexure:

Back 115

junction of hindbrain and spinal cord. Occurs between the Mesencephalon & Rhombencephalon.

Front 116

3rd Flexure that occurs is a Torsion. Body stays straight while the top end twist to the side allowing?

Back 116

for brain enlargement.

Front 117

When the structure is forming →As soon as it becomes a hollow nerve tube It then becomes multiple cells thick →The lining cells become an?

Back 117

epithelial cell. Neuroepithelial Cells.

Front 118

Neuroepithelial Cells are Embryonic Stem-Cells of the entire CNS. When they divide semi-conservatively they become?

Back 118

i. Neuron 
ii. Glial Cells = Oligodendrocytes & Astrocytes.

Front 119

*Microglia/Mesoglia does not come from 
neuroepithilium. Comes from an Invasion of?

Back 119

Mesenchymal Cells into the Neural Tube.*

Front 120

Diencephalon has what ventricle?

Back 120

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