Craniofacial Histology - Joints

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What is Arthrology?

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Study of joints
Joints are also called articulations

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Kinesiology

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study of muscoloskeletal movement

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Bony Joint

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(synostosis) an immovable joint formed when the space between two bones ossifies and the two bones fuse into a single bone

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Fibrous Joint

What are the 3 types of...

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(synarthrosis): bones bound together by collagen fibers

sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

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Cartilaginous Joints

What are the 2 types...

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(amphiarthrosis): slightly movable joints where two bones bound to each other by cartilage

synchondroses and symphyses

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Synovial Joints

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occur where the cartilaginous ends of two bones are separated by a film of slippery sinovial fluid

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Characteristics of bony joint: synostoses

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Two bones, once separate, become fused by osseous tissue
Ossification occurs with age
Examples:
separate left and right mandibles and separate left and right frontal bones are present at birth
metaphysis between epiphyses and diaphysis of the long bones

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Fibrous Joint #1: Sutures

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Sutures are immovable fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull to each other.
Serrate Sutures appear as interlocking wavy lines.
coronal, sagittal & lambdoid sutures
Lap or Squamous Sutures are 2 bones with overlapping beveled edges
squamousal suture between temporal and parietal bones
Plane or Butt Sutures have straight, nonoverlapping edges
between left and right palatine processes of the maxillae

Front 9

Compare and describe the types of sutures

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Front 10

Fibrous Joint #2: Gomphoses

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Attachment of a tooth to its socket is a joint called a gomphosis.
Teeth are held in place by the fibrous periodontal ligament:
collagen fibers extend from the periosteum of the jaw bone to the root of the tooth
Vitamin C is necessary for collagen synthesis (scurvey Vit C defecient)
Holds tooth firmly, but also absorbs shock while biting down and chewing.

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Fibrous Joint #3: Syndesmoses

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Joint in which two bones are bound together by a ligament (the interosseus membrane)
Most movable of the fibrous joints
Interosseus membrane binds the radius to the ulna in the forearm or tibia to fibula in leg

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Cartilaginous Joint #1: Synchondroses

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Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
rib attachment to sternum by costal cartilage
epiphyseal plate in children binds epiphysis and diaphysis

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Cartilaginous Joint #2: Symphyses

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2 bones joined by fibrocartilage
examples: pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
Only slight amount of movement is possible
Absorbs shock
Pregnant women: at 9th month hormone breaks down fibrocart. all joints less stable

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Synovial Joints

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Synovial Joints are the most freely movable type of joint in which two bones are separated by a fluid-filled space called a joint cavity. EX: TMJ
-lowest coeff. of friction, extremely slippery, lubrication: synovial fluid (like egg white)
-hyaline cart from 2 bones rub together in non-abrasive manner, joint capsule holds all matrix tissues

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Anatomy of Synovial Joints

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Joint Capsule : fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane, continuous with periosteum of bones
Synovial Fluid: viscous, slippery fluid rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid secreted by the synovial membrane
Articular Cartilages: hyaline cartilage rich in chondroitin covers the joint surfaces
Meniscus of fibrocartilage is present in some joints including: jaw, wrist, knee and sternoclavicular joints (rim around joint to stabalize) meniscus absorbs shock and guides bone movements

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Types of Synovial Joints and Examples

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Ball and Socket Joint: shoulder and hip
Hinge Joint: elbow (humeroulnar), knee
Saddle joint: carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb
Pivot Joints:bw dens and atlas or radioulnar joint at elbow
Gliding Joint:bw carpals of wrist or between tarsals of foot
Condyloid Joint: metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers
Temporomandibular joint has some aspects of condyloid, hinge and gliding joints.

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Temporomandibular Joint

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TMJ syndrome caused by malocclusion and stress
Clicking sounds, headaches, vertigo, pain, or tinnitus

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Arthritis

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Arthritis is a broad term for joint pain and inflammation.
Osteoarthritis results from years of joint wear, articular cartilage degenerates, bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue, symptoms include crackling sounds during movement and pain
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune attack on the joint
immune cells attack the joint with antibodies and enzymes
degrades the cartilage and synovial membrane
remissions occur, steroids and aspirin may control inflammation

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Tendon Sheaths and Bursae

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Tendon sheaths are tubes of synovial membrane that wrap around tendons as in the hand and foot.
Bursa is a saclike extension of a joint capsule that extends between or around nearby tendons allowing them to slide easily past each other.