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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interphase - Mitosis
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DNA is duplicated from 2n --> 4n
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Prometaphase - Mitosis
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AKA Late Prophase
Chromosomes coil, thicken, become visible |
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Prophase - Mitosis
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Formation of centromere/kinetochore
Formation of 2 centrioles and mitotic spindles Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears In Late Prophase - AKA Prometaphase - chromosomes coil, thicken, and become visible |
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During what stage do mitotic spindles form?
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Prophase - Mitosis
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Kinetochore
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Holds together 1 pair of duplicated chromosomes
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Metaphase - Mitosis
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Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell at the equatorial plate
Kinetochores connect to the centrioles via the mitotic spindles |
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During what stage do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell at the equatorial plate
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Metaphase - Mitosis
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Anaphase - Mitosis
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duplicated chromosome pairs break their connecting kinetochore and separate from e/o to migrate to opposite poles
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Telophase - Mitosis
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formation and progressive indentation of the cleavage furrow --> 2 cells
nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes in each cell |
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What does • Chiasma & Cross-over produce?
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produces genetic variability
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What does the 1st meiotic division result in?
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1 tetraploid cell divides --> 2 diploid cells
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What does the 2nd meiotic division result in
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2 diploid cells divide --> 4 haploid cells that can participate in fertilization
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What is the difference in meiosis between males and females
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meiosis in a male --> produces 4 viable spermatids
meiosis in a female --> produces only 1 viable oocyte + 3 polar bodies that are non-functional and die |
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spermatogenesis
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refers to the whole entire process of spermatogonium --> spermatocyte --> spermatid spermatogonia --> sperm
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spermeogenesis
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subdivision during spermatogenesis when the spermatid --> sperm
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acrosome
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a protective coating that covers the head of a mature sperm
releases enzymes during fertilization to digest its way thru the egg coats enables the sperm to inject its nuclear material into the egg |
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What enables the sperm to inject nuclear material into the egg?
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The acrosome by releasing enzymes to penetrate the egg coat
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OMI Hormone
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AKA (Oocyte Maturation Inhibitory)
produced by the follicle cells prevents the oocyte from completing meiosis to reach full maturation |
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What hormone prevents the oocyte from completing meiosis to reach full maturation
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OMI - Oocyte Maturation Inhibitory Hormone
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Primordial Follicle
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simple squamous follicle cells surrounding the oocyte
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Primary Follicle
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simple cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the oocyte
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Secondary Follicle
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Stratified cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the oocyte
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Graafian Follicle
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totally mature w/ the following components:
Antrum Theca Externa Theca Interna Theca Granulosa Cumulus Oophorus Zona Pellucida Corona Radiata |
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antrum
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will later explode at ovulation to release its stored estrogen
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theca externa
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very fibrous; like a capsule holding everything together
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thece interna
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very vascular; produces estradiol when stimulated by FSH
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What occurs to Theca Interna when stimulated by FSH
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Produces estradiol
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theca granulosa
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the region comprised of follicle cells around the antrum
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cumulus oophorus
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the region comprised of follicle cells around the Primary Oocyte
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zona pellucida
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a region where the microvilli of Follicle cells interdigitate w/ the Primary Oocyte to nourish it
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corona radiata
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the single layer of cuboidal follicle cells that remains attached to the Primary Oocyte at ovulation time
Releases chemical signals to guide and attract sperm towards the egg |
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What day is ovulation
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day 14
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Ovulation
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oocyte is released into the oviduct, where fertilization will occur
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What must occur for successful fertilization
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(1) recognition of the oocyte through the release of chemical signals by corona radiata to attract sperm
(2) penetration of the sperm through capacitation, phase 1,2,3 (3) activation of the oocyte by meiotic divisions 1 and 2 |
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Capacitation
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removal of the glycoprotein coating that surrounds the sperm
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Phase 1 of Penetration of the Sperm
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acrosome releases enzymes to digest the corona radiata
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Phase 2 of Penetration of the Sperm
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acrosome releases enzymes to digest the zona pellucida
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Phase 3 of Penetration of the Sperm
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cell membranes fuse, and the sperm’s DNA gets injected into the oocyte
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What phase of penetration is occuring when the acrosome releases enzymes to digest the zona pellicida
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Phase 2
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What phase of penetration is occuring when the acrosome releases enzymes to digest the corona radiata
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Phase 1
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What triggers the oocyte to complete meiotic division 1
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Proximity to sperm
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What triggers the oocyte to complete meiotic division 2
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Injection of the sperms DNA
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What does fertilization result in
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• a new zygote w/ a 2n “pro-nucleus”
• restoration of diplody • genetic variability due to cross-over • sex determination |
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compaction
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Occurs during Days 1-6
Cells come into more intimate contact w/ each other as more cells divide Morula (16 blastomere cells) has maximal compaction = most surface area of touching |
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Which stage has the most compaction
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Morula
Has 16 blastomere cells with the most surface area touching |
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Blastocyst
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Solid ball of cells
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Implantation
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Blastocyst (solid ball of cells) implants on the uterine lining on Day-6
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During what day does implantation occur
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Day 6 of development
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Blastocoel
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Hollow ball of cells
Gives rise to the Trophoblast and Embryoblast layers |
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Trophoblast
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Outer cell mass of Blastocoel
Later becomes placenta Develops layers Syncytiotrophoblast (Rise to BV) Cytotrophoblast (Rise to Extra-embryonic mesoderm) |
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Cytotrophoblast
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Layer of the trophoblast (placenta)
It will later give rise to the extra-embryonic mesoderm |
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Syncytiotrophoblast
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Layer of the Trophoblast (placenta)
Will later give rise to BV lacunae Secretes Human Gonadotrophin Hormone |
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Embryoblast
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Inner cell mass (later becomes embryo)
Divides into epiblast, hypoblast, amniotic cavity |
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Epiblast
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Layer of the embryoblast (inner cell mass)
Part of the Bilaminar Germ Disk Later becomes ectoderm, mesoderm, some endoderm |
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Hypoblast
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Layer of the Embryoblast (inner cell mass)
Part of the Bilaminar Germ Disk Later becomes endoderm (yolk sac) |
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Bilaminar Germ Disk
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Consists of the epiblast and hypoblast
Develops into ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm It is considered the actual embryo |
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Amniotic Cavity
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Epiblast space
Layer of the embryoblast (inner cell mass) Will later become the amniotic membrane of the placenta |
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somatopleuric mesoderm
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The outer parietal layer of the extra embryonic mesoderm closest to the cytotrophoblast
Later becomes chorionic plate where it becomes the chorionic membrane of the placenta |
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Splanchopleuric mesoderm
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The inner visceral layer of the extra-embryonic mesoderm closest to the embryo
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Extra-embryonic Coelom
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AKA Chorionic Cavity
Space in between the parietal and visceral layers of mesoderm. It is created when secreted fluid pushes the two layers of the cytotrophoblast apart creating the somatopleuric and splanchopleuric mesoderm layers Contains the bilamina germ disk later on in development |
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When is implantation of the embryo complete?
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Day 13
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What secretes hCG
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Syncytiotrophoblast
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Function of yolk sac
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Nourish the embryo in other species
In humans it gives rise to reproductive germ cells and the lining of tubular organs |
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What gave rise to the reproductive germ cells?
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Endodermal cells of the yolk sac that got pinched off during amniotic flexion
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What gave rise to the lining of the tubular organs?
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Endodermal cells of the yolk sac that gets sucked into the body
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Amniotic sac
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Stores the fetus's urine
Contains some of mom's fluid too |
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What day does the intra-embryonic mesoderm form?
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Day 16
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Primitive Streak
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Starts development at Day 16
develops at the caudal end of the Epiblast layer Epiblast cells migrate inward to invaginate b/t Epiblast & Hypoblast layers produces a third layer = intra-embryonic mesoderm |
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Intra-embryonic mesoderm
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Formed through the invagination of epiblast cells inward through the primitive streak separating the Epiblast and Hypoblast layer
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What 2 regions remain only ectoderm and endoderm with no mesoderm?
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Cloacal membrane
Buccopharyngeal membrane |
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Notochord Process
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a hollow tube that fuses w/ the underlying endoderm
Formed from pre-nodochordal cells invaginating in between epiblast and hypoblast Later goes to form the notochord plate --> Notochord |
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Notochord Plate
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a solid mass that separates from endoderm
Later gives rise to notochord |
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What is the function of the definitive notochord?
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Main function is to induce the overlying ectoderm to thicken into the neural plate
Also contributes to development of nucleus pulposis of intervertebral disk |
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Neural Tube gives rise to...?
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CNS
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Neural Crest gives rise to...?
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Ganglia of CN 5,7,9,10
CT of the fact Adrenal Medulla Melanocytes Meninges |
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What structures comes from ectoderm?
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CNS, PNS, meninges
Pituitary gland Organ or Corti, retina Enamel of teeth Epidermis Melanocytes, sweat glands, oil galnds, hair, nails Adrenal Medulla CT of the face |
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Para-axial Mesoderm
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Gives rise to somites
Sclerotome (hard and soft CT) Dermomyotome (dermis and musculature) |
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Intermediate Mesoderm
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Becomes Urogenital systems
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Lateral Plate Mesoderm
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Forms 2 layers that are continuous with extra-embryonic mesoderm
Creates Somatic Mesoderm Splanchnic Mesoderm Coelomic Cavity |
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Sclerotome
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From the ventral and medial borders of Para-axial mesoderm
Becomes mesenchyme which develops into hard and soft CT (cartilage, bone) |
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Dermotome
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From dorsal border of Para-axial Mesoderm
Becomes dermis of the skin |
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Myotome
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Form dorsal border of Para-axial Mesoderm
Becomes musculature |
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Somatic Mesoderm
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Outer Parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm
Becomes anterior and lateral body walls |
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Splanchnic Mesoderm
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Inner visceral layer of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Becomes the CT coverings surrounding organs |
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Coelomic Cavity
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Space in between the Somatic and Splanchnic Mesoderm of the Lateral Plate
Becomes the Thoracic and peritoneal cavities |
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What gives rise to the thoracic cavity?
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Coelomic cavity of the lateral plate mesoderm
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What structures come from mesoderm?
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Blood vessels and cells
Lymph vessels and cells Muscles Kidneys and gonads Adrenal Cortex CT of the body (CT of face is from neural crest) |
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What does endoderm develop from
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Longitudinal and lateral flexion
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Longitudinal flexion
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as the embryo grows, the amnionic cavity gets larger and grows downward around the embryo
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Lateral Flexion
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the amnionic cavity completely encloses the embryo and will pinch off some of the yolk sac
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What appendages develop first, arms or legs?
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Arms develop before the legs
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Umbilical cord
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Consists of 2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein
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Foramen Ovale
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Connects the Right Atrium to Left Atrium to bypass lungs
Becomes Fossa Ovalis in adult |
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What structure is in the fetal heart to bypass the circulation to the lungs?
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Foramen Ovale
Ductus Arteriosus |
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Ductus Arteriosus
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connects the Pulmonary Trunk & Aortic Arch to bypass the lungs
Becomes Ligamentum Arteriosus |
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Umbilical Arteries
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2 of them
Branches of the Internal Illiac Artery Carries de-oxygenated blood to the placenta It degenerates in the adult |
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Umbilical Vein
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Only 1
Carries oxygenated blood to the liver --> IVC Becomes Ligamentum Teres in the adult |
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What was the fetal structure of Ligamentum Teres
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Umbilical vein
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Fetal measurement - 3 months
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Crown-Rump Ratio (sitting height) = 1:2
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Fetal measurement - 5 months
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Crown-Heel Ratio (standing height) = 1:3
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Fetal measurement - 9 months
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Crown-Heel Ratio (standing height) = 1:4
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What is the main fetal development occurring during 1st trimester
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Architectural development of all major organ systems
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During what trimester is there architechtural development of all major organ systems
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1st trimester
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What is the main fetal development occurring during 2nd trimester
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Differentiation and a little bit of growth
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What is the main fetal development occurring during 3rd trimester
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Growth
Greatest increase in size and weight |
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During what trimester is there the greatest increase in growth
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3rd trimester
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During what trimester is there differentiation of tissues?
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2nd trimester
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What are the first bones to form?
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Middle ear ossicles
During months 3,4,5 |
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Amniocentesis
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Draws sample of amniotic fluid
Used for genetic analysis Test for presence of a-fetal proteins. High levels indicates neural problems |
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a-fetal proteins
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Tested for in amniocentesis
High levels indicates neural problems |
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Chorionic Villus Sampling
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Remove piece of placenta for direct genetic analysis
Can't test for a-fetal proteins |
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Ultrasound
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Non-invasive
But only provides a general idea of development |
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Early development
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Weeks 1-2
includes implantation and formation of embryonic layers |
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Embryonic period
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Weeks 3-8
Most sensitive period Architectural planning of the baby occurs Genetic and environmental factors can lead to abnormalities Corresponds to 1st trimester |
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Fetal period
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Week 9-birth
Organ systems grow and develop Physical and mechanical errors lead to abnormalities Corresponds to 2nd and 3rd trimester |
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Which fetal developmental period is most sensitive to physical and mechanical errors
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Fetal period
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Which fetal development period is most sensitive to genetic and environmental factors
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Embryonic period
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