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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name the modality of the CN VIII
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve
-Special Sensory Afferent |
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What are the two division of CN VIII
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Auditory information
Balance & Equilibrium information |
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The primary sensory cell bodies are located in the _________ for auditory information.
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Primary sensory cell bodies are located in the spiral ganglion-cochlea for auditory information
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The central processes terminate in the ________ & __________ cochlear nuclei for auditory information.
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Central processes terminate in ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei for auditory information
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Special Sensory afferents for ______ and ________ information for the vestibular part of CN VIII comes from the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals.
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SSA for balance and equilibrium information from the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
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The ________ _______ _______ can be found in the vestibular ganglion associated with the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals for CN VIII
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Primary sensory cell bodies are located in vestibular ganglion associated with utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
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The central processes of the primary sensory cell bodies terminate in the vestibular nucleus. Where are these located?
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lateral medulla and pons
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what modalities are associated with the Facial Nerve (CN VII)?
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SVA
GSA GVE SVE |
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what is the brainstem nucleus associated with the SVE portion of the facial nerve
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facial motor nucleus
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what is the brainstem nucleus associated with the GVE portion of the facial nerve
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superior salivatory nucleus
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what is the brainstem nucleus associated with the GSA portion of the facial nerve
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spinal trigeminal nucleus
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what is the SVA nucleus found in the brainstem associated with the facial nerve
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rostral solitary nucleus
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________ for the facial nerve is taste for the tongue.
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SVA
processes distributed to taste buds on anterior 2/3 of tongue joins lingual branch of V3, enter chorda tympani branch of facial nerve central processes terminate in solitary tract of solitary nucleus |
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SVA of the brainstem.
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solitary nucleus & tract
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Where else is taste processed from in the facial nerve
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taste from the palate
processes from taste buds on palate joins palatine branches of V3 greater petrosal branch of facial nerve central processes terminate in SOLITARY TRACT & SOLITARY NUCLEUS in the caudal pons |
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How does taste information get relayed to the brain from the solitary nucleus (facial nerve)?
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taste information is relayed from the solitary nucleus to the VPM BILATERALLY.
3rd order neurons project to the cortex to the inferior aspect of the postcentral gyrus and to the insula |
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Where is taste information relayed to for an emotional response to taste?
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Solitary nucleus -- parabrachial nucleus of midbrain --- amygdala of limbic system
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Describe the GSA of the facial nerve modality.
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Cutaneous ear sensation
-sensation near the external auditory meatus |
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_______ information is processed by the facial nerve from processes to the ear, wall of external acoustic meatus, external surface tympanic membrane to join the facial nerve at the stylomastoid foramen, which enters the spinal trigeminal tract to the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
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General Sensory Afferents (GSA)
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What modality is found in the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the superior salivatory nucleus and exit in the nervus intermedius.
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General Visceral Efferent information from the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
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describe the path of the GVE of facial nerve that is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation of the submandibular and sublingual glands.
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some fibers leave in chorda tympani branch to join lingual branch of V3, fibers terminate in submandibular ganglion on postganglionic parasympathetic neurons for innervation of submandibular gland and sublingual gland
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describe the path of the GVE branch of Facial Nerve that responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland
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some fibers leave in greater petrosal branch to terminate in pterygopalatine ganglion on postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, these neurons innervate lacrimal gland and mucous glands of nasopharynx by joining zygomatic branch of V2
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What is the function of the SVE branch of the facial nucleus?
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Special Visceral Efferent branch is responsible for the innervation of the muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, platysma, posterior belly of digastric, and stapedius
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what cranial nerve nucleus do the fibers of facial nerve wrap around before starting their exit out of the brainstem?
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Facial nerve is located in the caudal pons.
Neurons are located in the facial nucleus fibers are directed dorsally, loop over the abducens nucleus, and course between facial and spinal trigeminal nuclei and exit at the base of the pons as the motor root |
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what type of cortical input does facial nucleus receive?
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corticobulbar fibers are crossed for the lower facial muscles and are both crossed and uncrossed for upper facial muscles
UMN lesions will cause paralysis of lower facial muscles: supranuclear facial palsy |
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What causes Bell's palsy?
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Bell's palsy occurs when facial nucleus, fibers, or nerve is lesioned.
ipsilateral facial paralysis, loss of taste, and abnormal sounds occur in Bell's palsy |
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What sensory nuclei provides fibers to the facial nucleus for the corneal blink reflex?
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facial nucleus receives fibers from trigeminal sensory nuclei
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When affective responses are produced by facial nuclei where is the input coming from?
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Facial nucleus receives input from limbic system for affective responses (laughter)
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what cranial nerve nucleus is considered the horizontal gaze center?
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Abducens nucleus is the horizontal gaze center
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why is abducens nucleus considered the horizontal gaze center?
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abducens nucleus sends axons via ascending mlf to oculomotor and trochlea nuclei
oculomotor innervates inferior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus trochlear innervates superior oblique abducens innervates lateral rectus |
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what is the modality of cranial nerve VI?
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Cranial Nerve VI is abducens
GSE: innervates lateral rectus |
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where does abducens nuclei receive input from?
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PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation)
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Where is abducens nucleus found in the brainstem?
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Abducens nucleus is found at the level of the caudal pons (facial colliculus)
fibers from neurons pass ventrally and caudally to exit at the junction of the pons and pyramid |
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where is the trigeminal motor nucleus located?
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rostral pons medial to the principle trigeminal nucleus
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what division of cranial nerve V is responsible for the trigeminal motor nucleus action?
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V3: mandibular division
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what muscles are innervated by V3?
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masseter
temporalis lateral & medial pterygoids tensor tympani tensor veli palatini anterior belly of digastric mylohyoid muscles --aka muscles of mastication |
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what type of cortical projection does the trigeminal motor nucleus receive?
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Bilateral innervation
-crossed and uncrossed corticobulbar and sensory afferent information from mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus |
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where is the sensory afferent information coming from that is received by the trigeminal motor nucleus?
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mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
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describe the path for pain and temperature sensation of the FACE.
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This is GSA information that is processed in the spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus
1. cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion 2. central processes enter pons 3. descend in the spinal trigeminal tract 4. terminate in spinal trigeminal nucleus (GSA & found throughout the midbrain) 5. neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus project axons contralaterally through the ventral trigeminothalamic tract (trigeminal lemniscus) 6. Axons terminate on 3rd order neurons in the VPM of thalamus 7. 3rd order neurons project axons to the 1' somatosensory cortex region for the face |
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what path in the brainstem is similar to the ALS pathway for the body?
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Spinal trigeminal tract is analogous to Lissauer's tract of the ALS system.
Spinal trigeminal nucleus is analogous to the 2nd order neurons found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that carry pain and temperature sensation to the thalamus. |
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Describe the tract that carries proprioception and fine touch for the face.
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This system is the begins in the trigeminal ganglion and synapses on the Principle trigeminal nucleus in the pons
1. cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion (1st order) 2. central proceses enter the pons 3. axons terminate on the PRINCIPLE TRIGEMINAL nucleus (2nd order neurons) 4. 2nd order neurons project to the thalamus through the trigeminal lemniscus 5. synapses on the VPM (3rd order neurons) 6. 3rd order neurons project to the 1' somatosensory cortex |
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what pathway is responsible for oral cavity sensation?
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2nd order neurons in the Principle Trigeminal nucleus project ipsilaterally through the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the VPM of thalamus
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what is significant about the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus?
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these are displace primary sensory neurons
-they are the only primary sensory neurons found within the central nervous system -located in the rostral pons and midbrain |
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what is the main function of the mesencephalic trigeminal nuclei?
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afferent limb of the jaw jerk reflex
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where do the processes from the mesencephalic trigeminal nuclei terminate?
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processes terminate in the trigeminal motor nuclei.
-this is why a jaw jerk reflex is present in there is damage to the trigeminal motor nuclei itself |
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what is the modality of the trigeminal motor nucleus?
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SVE
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what is the modality of the spinal trigeminal nucleus?
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GSA
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what is the modality of the principle/chief trigeminal nucleus?
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GSA
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What is significant about Trigeminal neuralgia?
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excruciating pain in area distribution of trigeminal divisons
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A viral infection of the primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion can result in what type of problem?
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Herpes Zoster: post herpetic neuralgia
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What causes cold sores in the trigeminal nerve distribution?
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Herpes simplex 1 (HSV1) viral infection of primary sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglion
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How can trigeminal afferents cause a headache?
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Stretching of the nerve fibers can activate trigeminal afferents of the supratentorial dura
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what is the main vascular supply to the pons?
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Basilar artery
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how many division of basilar artery supply the pons? what are they?
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2 vascular perfusion zones:
medial lateral dorsolateral |
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What does the medial vascular zone territory include?
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1. receives paramedian branches of basilar artery
2. includes corticospinal tract, abducens nerve, paramedian pontine reticular formation, medial lemniscus, pontine nuclei, and pontocerebellar fibers |
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Describe a Medial Inferior Pontine Syndrome
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-occlusion of the paramedian arteries of basilar artery
-alternating hemiplegia -contralateral spastic hemiplegia of body & tongue -ipsilateral paralysis of lateral rectus muscle (abducens n) -DIPLOPIA -loss of contralateral position, vibration, and fine touch: medial lemniscus -nystagmus: MLF |
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Describe a Superior Pontine Syndrome
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contralateral hemiplegia
loss of contralateral position, vibration sense, & fine touch & internuclear opthalmoplegia (MLF) |
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What is found in the lateral zone territory of the pons
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1. Lateral zone receives short circumferential arteries of basilar artery
2. Territory includes: lateral lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, pontine nuclei, pontocerebellar fibers, part of middle cerebellar peduncle, facial and trigeminal nerves |
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what type of syndrome will occur with paramedian and short circumferential arteries of the pons infarct?
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Millard-Gubler Syndrome
-occlusion of paramedian & short circumferential arteries of the medial and lateral zones -alternating hemiplegia -contralateral hemiplegia of the body (corticospinal) -ipsilateral abducens loss of function -diplopia -facial nerve palsy (Bell's palsy) |
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what muscles does CN III innervate?
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levator palpebrae superioris, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior rectus
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what is the modality of CN III?
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GSE
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what is the relationship between the Edinger Westphal nucleus and CN III?
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Edinger Westphal Nucleus is the GVE portion of CN III
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Describe Edinger Westphal nucleus function
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parasympathetic preganglionic neurons project to ciliary ganglion
-parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in ciliary ganglion via short ciliary nerves innervate sphincter pupillae or iris and ciliary muscle -concerned with reflex response of light and accommodation |
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which cranial nerve is considered the horizontal gaze center
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Abducens nucleus
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Describe the pathway of the horizontal gaze center
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Abducens nucleus via MLF to contralateral oculomotor nucleus
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what muscle does Trochlear nerve innervate?
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contralateral superior oblique via decussation in midbrain
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what controls voluntary eye movement in general?
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Frontal eye fields in frontal cortex and has several pathways
1. superior colliculus 2. pretectal area 3. oculomotor nuclei 4. trochlear nuclei 5. abducens nuclei 6. MLF 7. PPRF |
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what mediates descending pain modulation?
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Periaqueductal Gray mater
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What part of the ALS system terminates in the PAG?
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spinomesencephalic tract
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what type of neurons are PAG neurons?
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opiod producing neurons (enkephalin)
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where do the neurons from PAG project to?
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PAG neurons project to nucleus raphe magnus and activate NRM neurons bilaterally
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what type of neurons are nucleus raphe neurons?
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serotonin, GABA
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Nucleus raphe projects _______ to the spinal cord horn.
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bilaterally
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what do raphespinal fibers cause in the spinal cord?
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raphespinal fibers cause inhibition or modulation of nociceptive activity in the dorsal horn.
-direct inhibition of primary afferent terminals, excitatory interneurons, and 2nd order neurons -activation of inhibitory neurons causing inhibition of primary afferent terminals on 2nd order neurons |
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what type of drugs take advantage of the neurochemical circuitry of descending pain modulation?
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Opiates
ex. morphine |
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what type of output is important for coordination of ongoing motor activity?
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Cerebellar output
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where do the main projections from the Red nucleus go?
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main projections of the red nucleus are through the central tegmental tract to the inferior olivary nuclei and via the rubrospinal tract to the spinal cord
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what participates in the ascending systems that regulate states of consciousness?
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Midbrain reticular formation participate in ascending systems that regulate states of consciousness
-maintains alert, wakeful state |
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why does substantia nigra pars compacta attain a dark pigmented appearance?
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large nucleus of dopamine producing neurons, accumulates melanin, byproduct of dopamine metabolism
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what disease is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leading to muscular rigidity, slow tremor, and bradykinesia?
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Parkinson's Disease
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what type of neurons are found in the ventral tegmental area? where do they project?
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dopamine producing neurons that project via the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways to the limbic system, prefrontal, and associated cortex
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what area of the brain is part of the "reward" system of the brain, along with nucleus acumens?
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Ventral Tegmental Area
-involved in incentive-motivation-attention |
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axons that terminate in the Ventral Tegmental Area are sensitive to what?
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cocaine and amphetamines
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what are the arteries that supply the midbrain?
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basilar, posterior cerebral, quadrigeminal, and SCA
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describe the blood supply of the medial vascular zone of the midbrain?
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receives small branches from basilar artery and initial segment of the PCA.
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what is found in the medial vascular zone of the midbrain?
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oculomotor nucleus (GSE)
Edinger-Westphal nucleus (GVE) Trochlear nuclei (GSE) Oculomotor nerve fibers Red nucleus Medial portions of substantia nigra and crus cerebri |
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what type of infarct give rise to Mibrain basis (Weber's) syndrome?
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occlusion of arteries (basilar artery and PCA) for oculomotor nerve and medial crus cerebri give rise to Midbrain basis syndrome.
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what are the symptoms of Midbrain basis (Weber's) syndrome?
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alternating hemiplegia:
contralateral hemiparesis ipsilateral oculomotor palsy pupillary dilation |
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What are the signs/symptoms for Midbrain basis & tegmental (Benedict's syndrome?
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alternating hemiplegia:
contralateral hemiparesis ipsilateral oculomotor palsy pupillary dilation contralateral ataxia involuntary movements |
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what syndrome is characterized by: ipsilateral oculomotor palsy, pupillary dilation, contralateral ataxia, involuntary movements?
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Midbrain tegmental (Claude's) Syndrome
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what artery supplies the lateral zone of the midbrain?
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quadrigeminal artery a branch of PCA
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what is found in the territory of the lateral vascular zone of the midbrain?
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medial lemniscus
lateral substantia nigra lateral crus cerebri |
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what artery supplies the dorsal zone of the midbrain?
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quadrigeminal and SCA
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what is found in the territory of the dorsal vascular zone of the midbrain?
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PAG, superior and inferior colliculi, ALS, and brachium of inferior colliculus
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what type of syndrome causes paralysis of upward gaze?
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Parinaud's syndrome
can be caused by a pineal tumor |
