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71 Cards in this Set
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Fetal development: 42 weeks
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post-term/ post-dates
vernix decreases, skin may dry/peel, weight loss or placental insufficiency may occur |
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Fetal development: 37-41 weeks
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considered term for most babies
majority of babies born within this time frame |
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pulmonary surfacants
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lecithin & sphingomyelin
aid alveoli in air retention & keeps them from collapsing after birth amniocentisis can test L/S ration if premature delivery is likely |
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Fetal development: 34-37 weeks
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fetal lungs mature
critical that pulmonary surfacants are adequate to prevent respiratory distress at birth |
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Fetal development: 24-34 weeks
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testicles begin decent in male fetus
additional fat is stored |
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Fetal development: 22-24 weeks
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considered age of viability although mortality and morbidity are high
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brown fat
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subcutaneous adipose tissue
important for temperature regulation and heat production when neonate is cold, brown fat is metabolized to create heat limited resource |
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Fetal development: 16-20 weeks
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quickening usually occurs
vernix and lanugo present eyebrows and eyelashes form brown fat forms |
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fetal development: 12-16 weeks
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slow eye movement
bright pink skin more facial features discernible |
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fetal development: 8-12 weeks
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fingernails and toenails begin
hair begins development ossification continues fetus moves, swallows amniotic fluid, & urinates |
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fetal development: 8 weeks
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embryo now a fetus
blood vessels and organs begin to form |
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fetus
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embryo is known as a fetus at 8 weeks
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decidua vera
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3rd layer of the decidua, lining the majority of pregnant uterus
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decidua capsularis
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decidua layer surrounding the embedded ovum
as embryo grows, this layer distends at week 12, the fetus grows enough to contact the decidua vera and the capsilaris degenerates and disappears |
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decidua basalis
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decidua layer beneath the embedded ovum
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decidua
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the endometrium after fertilization
3 layers: decidua basalis, decidua capsularis, decidua vera) |
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embryonic timeline
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1. ovum/ ovulation
2. ovum + spermatozoa join and produce a diploid cell. fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube. 3. zygote = diploid cell 4. day 1: zygote has 2 cells 5. day 3: zygote has 16 cells; now a morula 6. day 4: 58 cells; now a blastocyst (made of blastomeres and a blastocele) 7. day 3-5: enters the uterus 8: week 2: implantation into endometrium. now an embryoblast |
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amnion
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sac surrounding the fetus, creating amniotic cavity where the blastocele was
fused to the chorion creates the BOW |
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chorion
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will surround the blastocyst
will form part of placenta; will fuse with amnion to become the 2-layered fetal membrane on the maternal side |
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allantois
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vascularized membrane whose blood vessels will, in the umbilical cord, aid maternal-fetal circulation
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extra embryonic mesoderm
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layer of cells that does not contribute to the formation of the embryo itself
peels off to become the chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac |
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chorionic villi
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developed from the trophoblast (the outer layer of the blastocyst)
finger-like projections which grow out and "plant" into the decidua, eventually forming the placenta |
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blastocyst
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5 days after fertilization, the morula begins to enter the uterine cavity and has formed a hallow ball of cells called the blastocyst
surrounded by a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocele |
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endoderm
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forms epithelial cells lining the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems, and glandular cells of the organs such as the liver and pancreas
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mesoderm
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forms the muscle, skeleton, derms of the skin, connective tissue, the urogenital glands, blood vessels, and blood & lymph cells
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ectoderm
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start of the tissue that covers most surfaces of the body, epidermis layer of the skin, hair, & nails, and forms the nervous system
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trophoblast
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the outer cell mass of the blastocyst
becomes the placenta and chlorion implants into the decidua on week 2 |
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embryoblast
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inner cell mass of the blastocyst
becomes the embryo, amnion, chorion, and umbilical coard |
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blastulation
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process from the development of the blastocyst from the morula (day 4)
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blastocele
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fluid filled cavity
develops in morula on day 4 |
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cavitation
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in pre-embryonic period, (day 3-4) the outermost cells of morula secrete fluid and a fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) appears in the morula
results in formation of the blastocyst |
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compaction
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the process of tightly binding zygotic cells together
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morula
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"mulberry"
the zygote on day 3, now has 16 cells |
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pre-embryonic period
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first 2 weeks after fertilization
includes implantation of the zygote into the endometrium |
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blastomeres
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formation of smaller zygotic cells during the pre-embryonic period
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cleavage
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the rapid cell division occurring after fertilization
by day 3, there are 16 cells mitotic process |
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cortical reaction
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chemical reaction occurring upon penetration of the zona pellucida by a single spermatozoa
makes the ovum impenetrable to other sperm |
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zygote
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the new diploid cell formed after the joining of the ova and spermatozoa haploid cells (fertilization)
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dizygotic twins
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"fraternal twins"
when 2 spermatozoa fertilize two ovum in the same cycle more common than monozygotic twins can be hereditary |
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monozygotic twins
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when fused pronuclei divide, creating two separate by identical structures.
may or may not share an amnion and placenta not hereditary |
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corona radiata
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outmost layer of the zona pellucida of the ovum
once penetrated by a spermatozoa, the ovum immediately develops a fertilization membrane, barring all other sperm from entering |
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zona pellucida
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gelatinous covering surrounding the ovum
consists of several layers of cells broken down by sperm enzymes |
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oogenesis
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creation of the ovum
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pronucleus
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nucleus of sperm or egg cell after sperm enters the egg
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cytokenisis
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process of splitting a binucleate cell in 2
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corona radiata
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surrounds ova, provides protein
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nidation
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implantation of embryo into the uterine lining
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gametes
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ova/egg & sperm
germ cells |
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meiosis
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the reproductive process involving 2 successive divisions of a cell resulting in 4 daughter cells
daughter cells not identical process which creates germ cells daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as a normal cell |
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spermatocyte
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a cell of the seminiferous tubule that is engaged in meiosis
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spermatogenesis
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production of spermatozoa
mitotic cell division which produces 2 daughter cells: one is spermatogonium; the other is a primary spermacyte that will begin the meiosis process takes place in the seminiferous tubules |
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spermatazoon/ spermatozoa
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spermatozoon- sperm, plural
spermatozoon- sperm, singular |
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spermiogenesis
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the last step of spermatogenesis in which spermatid mature into single spermatazoon
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spermatid
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immature male gamete
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order of spermatogenesis
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1. mitosis of spermatogonia
2. DNA replication 3. synapsis and tetrads form 4. meiosis 1 (primary spermacytes) 5. meiosis 2 (secondary spermacytes) 6. spermiogenesis- spermatids transform into mature spermatozoa |
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parts of a spermatzoon
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head- contains nucleus with densely packed chromosomes
acromosal cap- membranes compartment at tip of head; has enzymes for fertilization middle piece- site of mitochondrial activity tail- only flagellum in the human body. uses whip-like action to propel the sperm towards the ovum |
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sperm count
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ranges from 20 million to 100 million spermatazoon per mL of semen
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smegma
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waxy material secreted by the preputial glands of the penis
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oogenesis
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production of ovum begins before a woman's own birth, accelerates at puberty, and ends at menopause
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oogenia
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stem cells in females
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primary oocytes
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mitosis is complete before birth, creating daughters cells called primary oocytes
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polar bodies
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byproducts of oogenesis
non-functional cells produced in the meiosis process that later disintegrate |
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egg nests
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clusters of primary oocytes and their follicle cells located in the outer portion of the ovarian cortex
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primordial follicle
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the primary oocyte and its follicle cells
after puberty, a different group of primordial follicles is activated each month during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle |
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primary follicles
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created when, in activated primordial follicles, the follicular cells enlarge and undergo repeated divisions to create several layers of follicle cells around the oocyte
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granulosa cells
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the follicular cells of the primary follicles after they enlarge and undergo several divisions; rounds in appearance
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thecal cells
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formed in the ovarian stroma around the follicle as the granulosa cells enlarge and multiply
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follicular fluid
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secreted by granulosa cells as the walls of the follicle thicken
accumulates in small pockets that gradually expand and separate inner and outer layer of follicle |
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secondary follicle
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primary follicle after the accumulation of follicular fluid
enlarges rapidly as the fluid accumulates 8-10 days after start of ovarian cycle, only 1 secondary follicle is destined to develop |
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tertiary follicle
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on the 10-14th day of the ovarian cycle, the secondary follicle has become a tertiary follicle
mature graafian follicle is approximately 15mm in diameter |
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male climacteric
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aka: andropause
period of declining reproductive function, corresponding to perimenopause in women generally occurs between the ages of 50 and 60 |