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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most valuable type of research is...
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The experiment, used to discover cause and effect relationships.
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Quasi Experiment
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Pre-existing groups
Independent variable cannot be altered Cannot with statistical confidence state that the IV caused the DV |
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Internal Validity
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wether or not other factors had an impact
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External validity
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Wether results are generalizable
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Parsimony
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Interpreting results in the simplest way
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Occam's Razor
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Interpret results in the simplest manner
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IV vs. DV
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IV (independent variable) is manipulated
DV (dependent variable) data regarding measured factors |
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R.A. Fisher
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Hypothesis testing
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Test of Significance
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Determine whether a difference in scores is significant
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Accepted probability
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.05 or less
The smaller the value for P the higher the level of significance .001 is the best for ruling out chance factors (1 in 1,000) |
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P=.05 means...
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There is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and experimental group is due to chance factors
Differences are true, same results will be obtained 95 out of 100 times |
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Alpha and Beta
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Type I (reject when true) and Type II (accept when false) errors
When one goes up the other goes down |
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t test
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Used when comparing two sample groups
Ascertains whether two sample means are significantly different |
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ANCOVA (analysis of covariance)
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Tests two or more groups
Controls for extraneous variables |
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ANOVA (analysis of variance)
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More than two groups
Yield F-statistic/ F Values One way analysis |
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Positive correlation
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Both variables change in same direction
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Negative correlation
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Inverse relationship (Brush teeth more, less cavities)
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68-95-99 rule/empirical rule
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68% of scores fall w/in plus/minus 1 standard deviation
95% fall w/in 2 standard deviations 99.7% fall w/in 3 standard deviations |
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Most useful measure of central tendency
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Mean or X with a bar over it
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Factorial design experiment
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More than one IV
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The _____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically
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Mode
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If the tail points to the right it is ________skewed
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positively
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X axis
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horizontal
used to plot iv scores aka abscissa |
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y axis
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plot dv frequency
aka ordinate |
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Scattergram
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AKA scatterplot
diagram of 2 variables being correlated |
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Z score
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same as standard deviation
square root of a variance |
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Average score on the Binet
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100
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N O I R
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Nominal - names, classifies, no true zero
Ordinal - ranks (1st, 2nd, 3rd place in a race) Interval - scales at equal distance, no true zero (IQ test scores) Ratio - true zero, numbers (height, weight) |
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Hawthorne effect
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object who are aware of experiment do better
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Rosenthal effect
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experimentor expectation influences outcome (teacher thinks a kid will do better, they will)
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Halo effect
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A trait not being evaluated (looks) influences a researchers rating of another trait
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