Cpce Flash Cards

Front 1

Cultural pluralism

Back 1

pluralism - an individual exists in more than one category

cultural pluralism - occurs when persons of cultural heritage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperate in regard to social, political, and economic matters.

Front 2

Separatism

Back 2

Exists when a group of people totally withdrawal from a political majority

Front 3

F. H. Allport

Back 3

Created the concept of social facilitation

Front 4

Social facilitation

Back 4

According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will perform better if he or she is part of a group.

Front 5

The sleeper effect

Back 5

A principle of social psychology that asserts after a long period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Front 6

William McDougall

Back 6

Wrote "Introduction to Social Psychology" which expounded on his "hormic psychology" position that individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals.

Front 7

Edward Alsworth Ross

Back 7

Authored "Social Psychology"

Front 8

Jacob Moreno

Back 8

Pioneered psychodrama and coined the term "group therapy"

Front 9

Irvin Yalom

Back 9

An existentialist well known for his strides in group work

Front 10

John Holland

Back 10

Stressed that a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type.

Front 11

Anne Roe

Back 11

Postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs.

Front 12

T. X. Barber

Back 12

Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism.

Front 13

Andrew Salter

Back 13

A pioneer in the behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis, and autohypnosis.

Front 14

Stanley Milgram

Back 14

Discovered that people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command; associated with obedience and authority.

Front 15

Arthur Janov

Back 15

created Primal Scream therapy

Front 16

A. T. Beck

Back 16

a cognitive therapy pioneer

Front 17

Robert Harper

Back 17

a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement

Front 18

Kurt Lewan

Back 18

Associated with categories of conflict which result in frustration: approach-avoidance conflict, approach-approach conflict, and avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Front 19

Approach-approach conflict

Back 19

the easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases the client can attempt both options: first one, then the other; typically instills less anxiety than the other two types

Front 20

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Back 20

Both choices are undesirable; clients in this position often daydream, flee from the situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices. The client may also waver or vacillate when he or she come close to making a choice.

Front 21

Approach-avoidance conflict

Back 21

The conflict presents a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time. Most counselors would agree this is the toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates the highest level of frustration.

Front 22

Congruity/Balance theory

Back 22

Example: a client will accept suggestions more readily if the client likes the counselor. If you like your counselor, your tendency to accept a suggestion would be balanced (i.e. consistent with your opinion).

Front 23

Charles Osgood & Percey Tannenbaum

Back 23

congruity/balance theory

Front 24

The salad bowl model of diversity

Back 24

People are mixed together, but like lettuce and tomatoes in a salad, they retain their unique cultural identity.

Front 25

Muzafer Sherif et al./"Robbers" Cave experiment

Back 25

The study concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative goal which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group.

Front 26

Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif

Back 26

social conformity - people will change their opinion or idea to conform to a group

Front 27

Arnold Gesell

Back 27

Pioneer of the one-way mirror for observing children; maturationist

Front 28

Harry Stack Sullivan

Back 28

psychiatry of interpersonal relations

Front 29

Abraham Maslow

Back 29

Positive psychology; hierarchy of needs

Front 30

RS

Back 30

religious and spiritual issues

Front 31

C. G. Jung

Back 31

father of analytic psychology

Front 32

the Heinz story

Back 32

used by Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual

Front 33

Lawrence Kohlberg

Back 33

theory of moral development; preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Front 34

John B. Watson

Back 34

father of American behaviorism

Front 35

Epigenetic

Back 35

a biological term that states each developmental stage emerges from the stage before it

associated with Kohlberg, Erikson, & Maslow

Front 36

Lev Vygotsky

Back 36

Disagreed with Piaget that developmental stages occur naturally; believed educational intervention is necessary for development to occur

Front 37

Conservation

Back 37

Mastered in concrete operations stage of Piaget's theory

Mass, weight, volume - conservation is mastered in this order (MVP...with weight between)

Front 38

Piaget's 4 Stages

Back 38

1. Sensorimotor (senses & motor skills)

2. Preoperations

3. Concrete operations (masters concervation & reversibility)

4. Formal operations

Front 39

t test

Back 39

Utilized to ascertain if the means of 2 groups are significantly different from each other; groups must be normally distrobuted

Front 40

Alfred Binet

Back 40

1st intelligence test; worked with Piaget

Front 41

Robert Kegan

Back 41

adult cognitive development; stresses interpersonal development

Front 42

Interpersonal Development

Back 42

Constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan.

Front 43

William Perry

Back 43

Ideas related to adult cognitive development (esp. college students)

Dualistic thinking (right and wrong is black and white) and teens

Front 44

Ed Neukrug

Back 44

Relativistic thinking - grey areas exist and right and wrong is specific to situation

Front 45

Arnold Lazarus

Back 45

a pioneer in behavioral therapy; systematic desensitization

Front 46

Jay Haley

Back 46

known for work in strategic and problem solving therapy; technique of paradox

Front 47

Jean Piaget

Back 47

leading name in cognitive development in children

Front 48

A. A. Brill

Back 48

associated with the impact that Freudian theory has on career choice; emphasized sublimation as an ego defense mechanism

Front 49

Milton H. Erickson

Back 49

Associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis

Front 50

id

Back 50

pleasure principle; seat of sex and aggression

Front 51

ego

Back 51

logical, rational & utilizes reasoning and control to keep impulses in check

the executive administrator of the personality and reality principle

Front 52

superego

Back 52

the moralistic and idealistic portion of personality

Front 53

Konrad Lorenz

Back 53

Best known for his work on the process of imprinting, an instinctual behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother; associated with ethology

Front 54

Ethology

Back 54

concerns field research utilizing animals

Front 55

Comparative psychology

Back 55

refers to lab research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans

Front 56

Animism

Back 56

Occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies (anima - female characteristics; animus - male characteristics)

Front 57

Daniel J. Levinson

Back 57

Postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45 and for women approximately five years earlier; Wrong Seasons of a Man's/Woman's LIfe; Discovered that adult developmental transitions in white-collar and blue-collar men seemed to be relatively universal.

Front 58

Joseph Wolpe

Back 58

Pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization, a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions

Front 59

Critical period

Back 59

a time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process

Front 60

Imprinting

Back 60

an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object; Konrad Lorenz

Front 61

Robert Kegan

Back 61

speak of the "holding environment"

Front 62

Holding environment

Back 62

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

Front 63

Cultural relativity

Back 63

a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture

Front 64

Culture epoch theory

Back 64

suggests that all cultures - like children - pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing

Front 65

National culture

Back 65

a term used to describe the cultural patterns common to a given country

Front 66

Eric Berne

Back 66

the Father of Transactional Analysis

Front 67

Emile Durkheim

Back 67

considered one of the founders of modern sociology; his principles were first outlined in his 1895 work "Rules of Sociological Method"; well known for his research into suicide; is said to have taken group phenomena beyond the armchair speculation stage into formal research

Front 68

The Dollard/Miller hypothesis

Back 68

Frustration leads to aggression...the frustration-aggression theory

Front 69

Leon Festinger

Back 69

Suggested that individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance (cognitive dissonance).

Front 70

Frank Parsons

Back 70

the Father of Guidance, wrote "Choosing a vocation"; the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

Front 71

Emory Bogardus

Back 71

Developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

Front 72

Modal personality

Back 72

A modal personality is the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question.

Front 73

monolithic perspective

Back 73

indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group as being identical

Front 74

personalism

Back 74

in the context of multicultural counseling means all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands; the counselor will make the best progress if he or she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient

Front 75

psychoanalysis is both...

Back 75

a form of therapy and a theory of personality

Front 76

Joseph Breuer

Back 76

a Viennese neurologist who taught Freud the value of the talking cure

Front 77

Catharsis

Back 77

"the talking cure"

Front 78

Rollo May

Back 78

a prime mover in the existential counseling movement

Front 79

Transactional Analysis

Back 79

posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent

Front 80

the Parent

Back 80

the conscience, or the ego state concerned with moral behavior (in Freudian theory this is the superego)

Front 81

free association

Back 81

instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind

Front 82

manifest content

Back 82

surface meaning presented in a dream

Front 83

latent content

Back 83

hidden meaning presented in a dream

Front 84

Little Albert

Back 84

a famous case associated with the work of John Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism, and was conditioned to be afraid of furry objects; the experiment was used to demonstrate the behavioristic concept that fears are learned rather than the analytic concept that they are somehow a result of an unconscious process

Front 85

Anna O.

Back 85

a patient of Freud's colleague, Breuer, who suffered from symptoms without an organic basis, termed "hysteria"; treated with hypnosis

Front 86

Little Hans

Back 86

This child's fear of going into the streets or perhaps even having a horse bite him were explained using psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety.

Front 87

Daniel Paul Schreber

Back 87

the most frequently quoted case in psychiatry; his major delusion was that he would be transformed into a women, become God's mate, and produce a healthier race. Freud felt that Schreber might have been struggling with unconscious issues of homosexuality

Front 88

structural theory

Back 88

id, ego, superego

Front 89

topographical theory

Back 89

unconscious, preconscious, conscious (iceberg analogy)

Front 90

parapraxis

Back 90

slips of the tongue and humor

Front 91

subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)

Back 91

a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization

Front 92

the conscious mind

Back 92

aware of the immediate environment

Front 93

the preconscious mind

Back 93

capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty

Front 94

the unconscious mind

Back 94

composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client

Front 95

ego defense mechanisms

Back 95

unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands; rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms

Front 96

repression

Back 96

the most important defense mechanism according to Freud

Front 97

reaction formation

Back 97

occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner

Front 98

sublimation

Back 98

present when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way (e.g. a professional football player who unconsciously likes to hurt people)

Front 99

rationalization

Back 99

an intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings; the person either underrates a reward (sour grapes) or overrates a reward (sweet lemon) to protect the self from a bruised ego

Front 100

displacement

Back 100

occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target

Front 101

identification

Back 101

results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile or lower the fear or anxiety toward that person

Front 102

type II error

Back 102

a research has accepted a null hypothesis when it is false

Front 103

sour grapes rationalization

Back 103

refers to the fable in which the fox couldn't secure the grapes so he said they were probably sour anyway

Front 104

sweet lemon rationalization

Back 104

the person tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is

Front 105

projection

Back 105

attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others

Front 106

reaction formation

Back 106

the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels

Front 107

compensation

Back 107

when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation

Front 108

Wolfgang Kohler

Back 108

coined the term "insight" through his research with apes in the Canary Islands

Front 109

transference neurosis

Back 109

the client is attached to the counselor as if he or she is a substitute parent

Front 110

madalas

Back 110

Jung used these drawing balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams

Front 111

eidetic imagery

Back 111

is the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time; usually is gone by the time a child reaches adolescence

Front 112

constructivist therapists

Back 112

stress that it is imperative that we as helpers understand the client's view to explain his or her problems - brief therapy and narrative therapy

Front 113

Rudolph Dreikurs

Back 113

was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

Front 114

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Back 114

pioneered by Murray; a projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story

Front 115

Andrew Salter

Back 115

was notably against Freud and wrote "The Case Against Psychoanalysis"; completed ground breaking work in behavior therapy which led to the formation of assertiveness training; conditioned reflex therapy

Front 116

social connectedness

Back 116

emphasized by Adler that people wish to belong

Front 117

the collective unconscious

Back 117

term coined by Jung that implies that all humans have "collected" universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns

Front 118

archetypes

Back 118

the material that makes up the collective unconscious which is passed from generation to generation is known as archetypes; the persona, animus, anima, shadow

Front 119

symptom subsitution

Back 119

a psychoanalytic concept that posits if you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind

Front 120

Frederick Thorne

Back 120

Felt that true eclecticism was much more than "a hodgepodge of facts"; it needed to be rigidly scientific.

Front 121

associationism

Back 121

asserts that ideas are held together by associations; associated with John Locke

Front 122

BASIC ID

Back 122

Arnold's Lazarus' multimodal approach that emphasizes the whole person: Behavior, Affect, Sensations, Images, Cognitions, Interpersonal, Drugs

Front 123

E.G. Williamson

Back 123

the father of the Minnesota Viewpoint, which attempts to match the clients traits with a career, otherwise known as the trait factor approach

Front 124

acquisition period

Back 124

the time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior

Front 125

instrumental learning

Back 125

Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as this.

Front 126

1/2 of a second

Back 126

the most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US

Front 127

delay conditioning

Back 127

when the CS is delayed until the US occurs

Front 128

trace conditioning

Back 128

if the CS terminates before the occurrence of the US

Front 129

second order conditioning

Back 129

occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction; associated with stimulus generalization or irradiation

Front 130

Neal Miller

Back 130

Studies demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes

Front 131

E. Thorndike

Back 131

postulated the "law of effect" which is also known as "trial and error learning"

Front 132

depth psychology

Back 132

another term for analytic psychology, which examines "under the surface"

Front 133

concreteness

Back 133

the counselor uses the principle of concreteness in an attempt to eliminate vague language

Front 134

biofeedback device

Back 134

provides the client and help with biological information, like a mirror or a bathroom scale

Front 135

higher order conditioning

Back 135

when a new stimulus is associated or "paired" with the CS and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS

Front 136

a temperature trainer

Back 136

a biofeedback device used to measure temp

Front 137

EMG feedback

Back 137

means electromyogram; use to measure muscle tension

Front 138

EEG feedback

Back 138

electroencephalogram; used to monitor brain waves

Front 139

EKG feedback

Back 139

electrocardiogram; provides data on the heart

Front 140

the Jacobson relaxation method

Back 140

a technique in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation

Front 141

GSR feedback

Back 141

galvanic skin response; provides electrical skin resistance

Front 142

LPB

Back 142

lower probability behavior

Front 143

HPB

Back 143

higher probability behavior

Front 144

the Premack principle

Back 144

an efficient reinforcer is what the client themselves like to do; thus in this procedure, a lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior

Front 145

continuous reinforcement

Back 145

a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs

Front 146

intermittent reinforcement (partial reinforcement)

Back 146

the target behavior is reinforced only after the behavior manifests itself several times or for a given time interval; most human behaviors are reinforced effectively via this principle

Front 147

variable ratio

Back 147

the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish

Front 148

fixed interval

Back 148

the easiest intermittent schedule to extinguish

Front 149

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 149

a moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance

Front 150

back-up reinforcer

Back 150

an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens

Front 151

George Kelly

Back 151

fixed role therapy; the client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role and is instructed to to read the script at least three times a day to act, think, and verbal like this person in the script

Front 152

interposition

Back 152

another term in systematic desensitization that refers to desensitization in the imagination

Front 153

sensate focus

Back 153

behavioral sex therapy designed by Masters and Johnson

Front 154

Wilhelm Reich

Back 154

orgone box therapy; classical vegotherapy; felt that repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies

Front 155

Robert Carkhuff

Back 155

suggests a "scale for measurement" in regard to "empathic understanding in interpersonal processes"

Front 156

T. G. Stampfl

Back 156

implosive therapy

Front 157

Epictetus

Back 157

often quoted in regard to REBT; "men are disturbed not by things, but the view of which they take of them."

Front 158

umwelt

Back 158

the physical world

Front 159

mitwelt

Back 159

the relationship world

Front 160

eigenwelt

Back 160

the identity world

Front 161

noogenic neurosis

Back 161

the frustration of the will to meaning; the counselor assists the client to find meaning in life so the client can write his or her own life story by making meaningful choices

Front 162

phenomenology

Back 162

the client's internal personal experience of events and ontology

Front 163

ontology

Back 163

the philosophy of being and existing

Front 164

rational imagery

Back 164

a technique used by REBT therapists in which the client is to imagine that he or she is in a situation which has traditionally caused emotional disturbance; the client then imagines changing the feelings via rational, logical, scientific thought

Front 165

RBT

Back 165

rational behavior therapy (or rational self-counseling); created by Maultsby; REBT plus a written self-analysis

Front 166

BCP

Back 166

in reality therapy this means the perceptions controls our behavior

Front 167

choice theory

Back 167

associated with reality therapy; asserts that the only person whose behavior we can control is our own; our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs

Front 168

Alfred Korzybski

Back 168

the founder of general semantics

Front 169

Karen Horney

Back 169

first recognized the "tyranny of the shoulds"

Front 170

Donald Meichenbaum

Back 170

self-instructional therapy; stress inoculation

Front 171

stress inoculation

Back 171

education phase: the client is taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior

rehearsal phase: clients are taught to rehearse new self-talk

application phase: where new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress producing situations

Front 172

the natural child

Back 172

what the personal would be naturally: spontaneous, impulsive, and untrained

Front 173

the little professor

Back 173

creative an intuitive, acts on hunches often without the necessary information

Front 174

the adapted child

Back 174

learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand

Front 175

game

Back 175

composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player; in a first degree game the harm is minimal but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game

Front 176

rackets

Back 176

unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game

Front 177

Dr. Leonore Walker

Back 177

the cycle of (domestic) violence - tension building phase, battering or acute incident phase, make up phase

Front 178

life scripts

Back 178

a life drama or plot

Front 179

never scripts

Back 179

a person who feels they will never succeed

Front 180

always scripts

Back 180

individuals who will always remain a given way

Front 181

after scripts

Back 181

result in a way a person believes they will behave after a certain event occurs

Front 182

open ended scripts

Back 182

the person has no direction or plan

Front 183

until scripts

Back 183

the client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishments or event arrives

Front 184

Gazda

Back 184

suggested the "Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses"

Front 185

NLP

Back 185

neurolinguistic programming

Front 186

successive approximation

Back 186

an operant behavior modification term which suggests that a behavior is gradually accomplished by reinforcing "successive steps" until the target behavior is reached; also known as shaping using successive approximations

Front 187

retroflection

Back 187

the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else

Front 188

"gestalt"

Back 188

a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

Front 189

five layers of neurosis

Back 189

Perls suggested these layers must be peeled away to reach emotional stability: phony layer, phobic layer (fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness), impasse layer (the person feels stuck), implosive layer (willingness to expose the self), ad the explosive layer (person has relief due to authenticity)

Front 190

Max Wertheimer

Back 190

Perls borrowed the term "gestalt" from the system of psychology proposed by Max

Front 191

insight learning

Back 191

one of the three most common principles in Gestalt, as discovered by Kohler

Front 192

Zeigarnik effect

Back 192

suggests that motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks and thus they recall unfinished activities better; one of the three principles in Gestalt

Front 193

phi-phenomenon

Back 193

the illusion of movement can be achieved via two or more stimuli which are not moving; one of the three Gestalt principles

Front 194

Roger's (Person-Centered) view of man

Back 194

Individual is good and moves towards growth and self-acutalization

Front 195

Berne's (Transactional Analysis) view of man

Back 195

messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script

Front 196

Freud's (Psychoanalysis) view of man

Back 196

deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression

Front 197

Ellis' (REBT) view of man

Back 197

people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently

Front 198

Perls' (Gestalt) view of man

Back 198

People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effective as "whole". People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.

Front 199

Glasser's (Reality Therapy) view of man

Back 199

Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.

Front 200

Adler's (Individual Psychology) view of amn

Back 200

Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order

Front 201

Jung's (Analytic Psychology) view of man

Back 201

man strived for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment

Front 202

Skinner's (Behavior Modification) view of man

Back 202

Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom

Front 203

Bandura's (Neobehavioristic) view of man

Back 203

person produces and is a product of conditioning

Front 204

Frankl's (Logotherapy) view of man

Back 204

Exisitential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice.

Front 205

Williamson's (Trait-factor) view of man

Back 205

Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.

Front 206

phrenology

Back 206

refers to an early psuedoscientific psychological doctrine which asserted that one's personality could be determined by the shape and configuration of the skull.

Front 207

basic empathy

Back 207

the counselor's response is on the same level as the client's

Front 208

subtractive empathy

Back 208

the counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated

Front 209

additive empathy

Back 209

adds to the client's understanding and awareness

Front 210

EAT

Back 210

the social relations core for effective counseling includes Expertise, Attractiveness, and Trustworthiness.

Front 211

The human relations core

Back 211

empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness

Front 212

Pratt

Back 212

a top Boston physician, formed what might well be the first counseling/therapy groups from approximately 1905 to 1923

Front 213

Gerald Caplan

Back 213

a pioneer in the crisis movement; popularized the primary, secondary, and tertiary intervention model

Front 214

T-group

Back 214

training group; used in industrial and organizational settings to process personnel interactions and improve efficiency

Front 215

positive valence

Back 215

the binding force between group members

Front 216

Kurt Lewin

Back 216

associated with group cohesion or "positive valence"

Front 217

fragmented

Back 217

when a group displays little or no cohesiveness

Front 218

George Gazda

Back 218

proposed a typology of three distinctive types of groups: guidance, counseling, and psychotherapy

Front 219

guidance groups

Back 219

originated in the public school system; do not deal with remediation of severe psychological pathology; are preventative and provide instruction about a potential problem; they are time limited

Front 220

psychotherapy groups

Back 220

commonly used in inpatient psychiatric hospitals and residential facilities for patients with in-depth psychological problems

Front 221

counseling group

Back 221

generally has less structure than guidance groups

Front 222

group polarity

Back 222

social psychology research indicates that the group experience can polarize decisions such that they are more in line with members' initial views

Front 223

Stoller and Bach

Back 223

credited with the development of the marathon group paradigm

Front 224

marathon groups

Back 224

plays on the theme that after an extended period of time defenses and and facades will drop and the person can become honest and genuine and real; generally lasts a minimum of 24 hours and may be conducted over a weekend or a period of several days

Front 225

homogenous

Back 225

group members are very similar or alike

Front 226

heterogenous

Back 226

group members are dissimilar

Front 227

speculative leaders

Back 227

leaders that focus primarily on the here-and-now

Front 228

8

Back 228

the ideal number of members in an adult group

Front 229

3-4

Back 229

the ideal number of in a children's group

Front 230

ambivalent transference

Back 230

a psychoanalytic notion often thrown out in multicultural circles which suggests that a client will treat a therapist with ambivalence, as he or she would any person view as an authority figure

Front 231

hot seat

Back 231

a term popularized by Perls' Gestalt therapy groups - a person who is the target of the therapist's interventions in the here-and-now is said to be on the "hot seat"

Front 232

structured group

Back 232

connotes a group which focuses on a given theme, such as a group for veterans who served in the ward in Iraq

Front 233

operational definition

Back 233

you must demonstrate the concrete steps necessary to illuminate the concept in order for something to be operationally defined

Front 234

sociogram

Back 234

a pictorial account of a group which serves to diagram member interaction

Front 235

Karpman's drama triangle

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used in TA as a teaching device to illuminate the roles of persecutor, rescuer, and victim in interpersonal relationships

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reactive

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means that a given condition is the result of environmental stress (e.g. "reactive schizophrenia)

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the energizer

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group role that members take on to stimulate enthusiasm in the group

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the scapegoat

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the person everybody blames

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the gatekeeper

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tries to make certain that everyone is doing his or her task and is participating

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the interrogator

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asks a never-ending stream of questions

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the follower

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goes along with the rest of the group

Front 242

excitation

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coined by Andrew Salter; the practice of spontaneously experiencing and expressing true emotions (even negative ones) and is seen as necessary in order to attain a state of positive mental health; "inhibition" or constipation of emotions is seen as the opposite

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the harmonizer

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the person who tries to makes certain that everything is going smoothly

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the storyteller

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monopolizes a wealth of group time telling endless (often irrelevant) tales

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the isolate

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coined by Hartford; the isolate is ignored by others, generally feel afraid to reach out, or do reach out and is genuinely rejected

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faction

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a clique or group of people within a group

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task roles

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simply helps the group carry out a task

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maintenance role

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helps maintain or even strengthen group processes

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self-serving role

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seen as negative; the person who falls into this category meets his or her own "individual needs" at the expense of the group

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conflict of interest

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occurs when a group member maximizes his or her needs and interests and the expense of someone else

Front 251

ecological planning

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the process of obtaining information to determine whether a group the is the most desirable form of treatment, and if it is, to decide the exact nature of the group experience

Front 252

Shapiro

Back 252

suggested the intrapersonal-interpersonal leadership distinction; interpersonal leaders favor here-and-now interventions, while intrapersonal leaders are more likely to work on the past, sometimes employing psychodynamic notions

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R.K. Conyne's group work grid

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includes four intervention levels: individual, interpersonal, organizational, and community population

Front 254

John O. Crites

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feels that the need for career counseling exceeds the need for therapy; career counseling can be therapeutic since a positive correlation between career counseling and personal adjustment is evident;

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the glass ceiling phenomenon

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suggests that women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work; is a form of occupational sex-role stereotyping that can limit women's careers

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the lavender ceiling phenomenon

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the same basic notion of the glass ceiling is true for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals

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displaced homemaker

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a woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family

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reentry women

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women who have made the transition from homemaker to jobs outside the home

Front 259

Victor Vroom's Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory

Back 259

an employee's performance is influenced by valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

Front 260

valence

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will the work provide rewards such as money, a promotion, or satisfaction?

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expectancy

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what does the person feel he or she is capable of doing?

Front 262

instrumentality

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will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise?

Front 263

career counseling

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viewed as a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting

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vocational guidance

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a developmental and educational process within a school system

Front 265

"changing the view of work"

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the phrase generally indicated that in the past work was seen as drudgery, while today it is seen as a vehicle to express our identity, self-esteem, and status

Front 266

decrement

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suggests that speed, skills, and retention will decrease as one enters old age; research has disproved this notion

Front 267

adverse impact

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a test or selection process is said to have adverse impact if it does not meet the "80% Four-fifths Rule"; the hiring rate for minorities is divided by the figure for nonminorities and if the quotient is less than 80% (4/5s) then adverse impact is evident (i.e. 60 black/80 whites = 75%)

Front 268

differential validity

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evident when a selection process (e.g. a test) is valid for one group, yet less valid for another group

Front 269

trait-and-factor theory

Back 269

assumes that via psychological testing one's personality could be matched to an occupation which stressed those particular personality traits

Front 270

Parsons

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stressed a careful self-analysis conducted "under guidance" and then put down on paper to determine your personal "traits"; suggests three steps to implement the trait-and-factor approach: (a) knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests, (b) knowledge of jobs, including the advantages and disadvantages of them, (c) matching the individual with the work

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Edmund G. Williamson

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the chief spokesperson for the Minnesota Viewpoint, which expanded on Parson's model to create a theory of counseling which transcended vocational issues

Front 272

differential psychology

Back 272

the study of individual differences

Front 273

C. F. Patterson

Back 273

One of the proponents of the trait-and-factor theory, along with Parsons and Williamson

Front 274

the fourth force in counseling

Back 274

refers to multiculturalism

Front 275

the third force in counseling

Back 275

refers to humanistic approaches

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Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrod, & Herma

Back 276

proponents of the developmental approach to career counseling

Front 277

Minnesota Viewpoint

Back 277

to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales

Front 278

Anne Roe

Back 278

one of the first individuals to suggest a theory of career choice based heavily on personality theory, primarily psychoanalytic

Front 279

person-environment theory

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Anne Roe's theory, utilizing a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing fields and levels

Front 280

fields

Back 280

occupational fields: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment

Front 281

levels

Back 281

levels of occupational skills: professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled

Front 282

three basic parenting types according to Roe

Back 282

overprotective, avoidant, acceptant

Front 283

job

Back 283

refers to a given position or similar positions within an organization

Front 284

occupation

Back 284

similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (e.g. therapists)

Front 285

career

Back 285

depicts a person's lifetime positions plus leisure

Front 286

Edward Bordin

Back 286

felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts; felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms

Front 287

Jane Loevinger

Back 287

noted for her seven stage transition continuum theory of ego development

Front 288

John Holland's four assumptions

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1. In our culture there are six basic personality types (RIASEC), 2. Most work environments correspond to six personality types, 3. People search out an agreeable environment which lets them express their personality type, 4. the individual's behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and environment

Front 289

structural theory

Back 289

another term for "personality theory"

Front 290

Strong's Interest Inventory (SII)

Back 290

based on Holland's model; the test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests

Front 291

Henry Murray

Back 291

created the "needs-press" theory and the TAT (along with Christina Morgan); the occupation is used to meet a person's current need; associated with Hoppock

Front 292

Robert Rosenthal

Back 292

famous for his research regarding the "experimenter effect"

Front 293

David Weschler

Back 293

well-known for creating the Wechsler intelligence scales

Front 294

Three stages of the developmental career theory

Back 294

fantasy (until age 11; based strongly on impulses), tentative (11-17; where interest and abilities are examined), realistic period (age 17; where a choice is made by weighing abilities and needs and making and compromise)

Front 295

optimization

Back 295

Ginzberg's concept meaning that individuals try to make the best of what they have to offer and what is available in the job market

Front 296

Donald Super

Back 296

the most popular developmental career theorist; emphasizes 5 life stages: Growth (birth to 14), Exploration (15-24), Establishment (24-44), Maintenance (44-64), Decline (65+)

GEE MD

Front 297

the life-career rainbow

Back 297

included in Super's theory as potential roles a person can play as he or she advances through the five stages: parent, homemaker, worker, citizen, leisurite, student, child; the roles are played out in the "theaters" of the home, community, school, and work; career roles can include student, employee, pensioner, retirement, civic duties, avocations, and even family roles

Front 298

Schlossberg's five noteworthy factors

Back 298

1. Behavior in the adult years is primarily determined by social rather than biological factors, 2. behavior can either be a function of one's life stage or one's age at other times, 3. Sex differences are actually more powerful than age or stage differences, 4. Adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self-assessment, 5. Identity, intimacy, and generativity are recurring themes in adulthood

Front 299

Tiedman and O'Hara's decision-making theory

Back 299

suggests that the decision process is best explained by breaking it down into a two-part process: anticipation and implementation

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anticipation stage

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the individual imagines him or herself in a given career

Front 301

implementation stage

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the person engages in reality testing regarding his or her expectation concerning the occupation

Front 302

John Krumboltz

Back 302

postulated a social learning approach to career choice; uses two popular behavioral techniques: realistic job preview (RJP) and guided imagery

Front 303

the human capital theory

Back 303

individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income

Front 304

the accident theory

Back 304

suggests that chance factors influence one's career

Front 305

status attainment theory

Back 305

the child will eventually secure a job commensurate with his or her family status; this notion does not hold water

Front 306

job club

Back 306

operates like a behaviorist group in which members share job leads and discuss or role-play specific behaviors (e.g. interviewing skills) necessary for job acquisition

Front 307

Azrin

Back 307

one of the leading pioneers who created the specific guidelines for running a behavior modification token economy (i.e. giving plastic tokens which could be turned in for actual reinforcers such as food)

Front 308

Gelatt Decision Model

Back 308

asserts that information can be organized into three systems: predictive system, value system, and decision system; refers to information as the "fuel of the decision"

Front 309

predictive system

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concern with the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities

Front 310

value system

Back 310

concerned with one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes

Front 311

decision system

Back 311

provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome

Front 312

the Self-Directed Search (SDS)

Back 312

a self-administered, self-scored, interest inventory based on John Holland's theoretical notions;

Front 313

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory

Back 313

focuses on circumscription and compromise theory; people do restrict choices (circumscription) and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job, they will often sacrifice the field of work before the sacrifice sextype or prestige

Front 314

job-netting

Back 314

the process of finding a job on the Internet

Front 315

OOH

Back 315

Occupational Outlook Handbook; highlights salient factors of the job, necessary training, earnings, and even advancement opportunities

Front 316

underemployment

Back 316

occurs when a worker is engaged in a position which is below his or her skill level

Front 317

GOE

Back 317

the Guide for Occupational Exploration; published by the U.S. Department of Labor; groups of jobs listed in 14 interest areas

Front 318

CACGs

Back 318

Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems; SIGI plus, Choices, and Discover are examples

Front 319

the contrast effect

Back 319

a heightened sense of awareness regarding the difference between the successive juxtapositions of two stimuli

Front 320

the compensatory effect

Back 320

suggests that worker compensates or makes up for things he or she can't do on the job

Front 321

spillover

Back 321

the individual's work spills over in to his or her time off

Front 322

the recency effect

Back 322

occurs when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance

Front 323

the leniency/strictness bias

Back 323

occurs when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict ratings which avoiding the middle or so-called average range

Front 324

central tendency bias

Back 324

raters who rate almost everybody in the average range

Front 325

lifestyle

Back 325

a broad term which describes the overall balance of work, leisure, family, and social activities.

Front 326

sedentary

Back 326

maximum lifting is 10 pounds

Front 327

light work

Back 327

max lifting 20 lbs

Front 328

medium work

Back 328

max lifting 50 lbs

Front 329

heavy work

Back 329

max lifting up to 100 lbs

Front 330

dislocated worker

Back 330

refers to an individual who loses his or her job because a company downsizes or relocates or a person who has an obsolete set of job skills

Front 331

habituation

Back 331

indicates a decrease in response to a constant stimulus or a stimulus that is repeated too quickly

Front 332

client-centered approach to career counseling

Back 332

the counselor lets the client find his or her own leads and job contracts

Front 333

selective placement

Back 333

may give the client job leads and may take an active stance in terms of working with the client

Front 334

Hoppock

Back 334

theorist who feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs