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3 Cards in this Set
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Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)
Stages of Cognitive Development |
1) Sensorimotor (0-2): Reflexes, learn through senses
- Object permanence (Representational thought, begin to understand time and space 2) Preoperational (3-6): Development of language - Egocentrism, Centration, Symbolic Play 3) Concrete Operations (7-11): Mentally manipulate objects - Conservation, reversibility, inductive reasoning, can understand other's viewpoint. 4) Formal Operations (12+): Abstract thought - Deductive reasoning, experimentation, metaphor, hypothetics. (only 50% of adults reach this stage) |
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Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)
Key terms |
Scheme: Cognitive structure in which a person acquires knowledge of the world
Schema: Patterns of organized thought and behavior Internalized Scheme: Viewpoint or mental structure ot learn about the world Assimilation: When you learn through a pre-existing scheme Accommodation: When you develop a new cognitive structure to deal with new info/experiences Equilibration: Balance between Accommodation and assimilation in a new experience (all people strive for Equilibration. |
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Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-)
Stages and Levels of Morality |
3 Levels, 2 stages each
1) Pre-conventional - Consequences dictate feelings (behavior guided by punishments and rewards) a) Heteronomous Morality (Obedience and Reward orientation) - Focus on rules; avoidance of punishment b) Instrumentalism/Individualism - Focus on rewards; concrete individual interests/ is aware of other's interest. Motivated by what serves me 2) Conventional - Standards of family, nation, and culture (Behavior guided by authority and socially defined role) a) Mutual Interpersonal (Good Boy/Girl Orientation): Recognition by living up to expectations/"right thing". Motivated by avoidance of rejection b) Social System and Conscience (Law and Order, Social Authority): Fulfills social duties to keep system going, motivated by avoidance of criticism by authority 3) Post Conventional (Self Imposed Morality) - Acts on principle instead of rules, self-imposed morality. a) Social Contract: Maintain respect with equals in community, impartiality and welfare for all, motivated by social respect b) Universal Ethical Principle: Self chosen ethical principles, even if they conflict with law. Equal rights for all people. Motivated by personal conscience. |
