Cp Study Guide: Exam #1 A&p Ii

Front 1

What is the function of the nervous system?

Back 1

Regulate body (with endocrine system)
Maintain health and homeostasis
Responsible for behavior, memory, and movement

Front 2

How is the nervous system divided

Back 2

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

Front 3

What makes up the Central Nervous system

Back 3

Brain and spinal cord

Front 4

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 4

cranial and spinal nerves that contain sensory and motor fibers
connects CNS to all muscles, glands and sensory receptors

Front 5

Structural classification of neurons

Back 5

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

Front 6

Multipolar Neurons

Back 6

several dendrites and one axon (Most neurons of the brain and spinal cord)

Front 7

Bipolar neurons

Back 7

one main dendrite and one axon (retina of the eye, inner ear, olfactory center)

Front 8

Unipolar

Back 8

cell body fused to both axon and dendrite (sensory)

Front 9

Two types of CNS neurons

Back 9

Purkinje cells
Pyramidal cells

Front 10

Where are purkinje cells located?

Back 10

cerebellum

Front 11

Where are pyramidal cells located?

Back 11

cerebral cortex

Front 12

What is the main function of myelin?

Back 12

Increases the speed of response

Front 13

What is saltatory conduction?

Back 13

A leap frog action of the action potential that speeds up transmission. Signal jumps between Nodes of Ranvier

Front 14

What is resting potential?

Back 14

An ionic imbalance across a membrane because of variances in concentration of ions inside and outside of the membrane

Front 15

Why does size matter with axon fibers?

Back 15

Larger, myelinated fibers conduct impulses faster due to size and saltatory strength.
Propogation speed is NOT related to signal strength

Front 16

Neurotransmitters found in the CNS

Back 16

acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma, aminobutyric acid, glycine, norepinepherine, epinepherine, and dopamine

Front 17

Can axon damage be repaired?

Back 17

PNS can repair damaged dendrites or axons
CNS no repairs are possible

Front 18

How is PNS plasticity maintained?

Back 18

Sprouting new dendrites
Synthesis of new proteins
Changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons

Front 19

Facts about PNS repair

Back 19

If Schwann cells are present and cell body remains, PNS repair is possible
By 3-5 days, Wallerian degeneration occurs, retrograde degeneration to one node
Regeneration occurs within several months
Axonal buds grow down the tube to reconnect at a rate of 1.5 mm per day

Front 20

Layers of spinal meninges

Back 20

Dura Mater (Superficial)
Arachnoid Mater (Deep to Dura Mater)
Pia Mater (Deep to Arachnoid Mater)

Front 21

What is CSF?

Back 21

A clear fluid that absorbs shock and protects the brain and spinal cord. It also helps transport nutrients and waste to and from the blood and nervous tissue

Front 22

Where is CSF located?

Back 22

Circulates through cavities in the brain (ventricles) and spinal cord (central canal) and also in subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid and pia mater of the cranial meninges)

Front 23

What structure produces CSF?

Back 23

Choroid Plexuses, networks of capillaries in the wall of ventricles. Plasma is drawn from the choroid plexuses through ependymal cells into the ventricles to produce CSF

Front 24

Which spinal cord root transmits sensory impulses?

Back 24

Posterior (dorsal)

Front 25

Which spinal cord root transmits motor impulses?

Back 25

Anterior (ventral)

Front 26

Define CNS and features

Back 26

Central Nervous System consists of brain and spinal cord. Receives sensory input from PNS and responds with motor transmission through PNS

Front 27

Define PNS and features

Back 27

Peripheral Nervous Systems consists of cranial and spinal nerves that consist of sensory and motor fibers. It connects the CNS to the muscles, glands, and all sensory receptors. Sensory information is delivered to CNS and motor information transmitted from CNS.

Front 28

Subdivisions of the PNS

Back 28

Subdivisions of PNS include Somatic (Voluntary) Nervous System, Autonomic (Involuntary) Nervous System, Enteric Nervous System

Front 29

What are the four major parts of the brain?

Back 29

Brain stem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Diencephalon

Front 30

What are the parts of a reflex arc?

Back 30

Sensory Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Integrating Center
Motor Neuron
Effector

Front 31

RReflex Arc -- Sensory Receptor

Back 31

Responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential

Front 32

Reflex Arc -- Sensory Neuron

Back 32

Axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center

Front 33

Reflex Arc -- Integrating Center

Back 33

one or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons

Front 34

Reflex Arc -- Motor Neuron

Back 34

axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector

Front 35

Reflex Arc -- Effector

Back 35

muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses

Front 36

Monoplegia

Back 36

Paralysis of a single limb

Front 37

Diplegia

Back 37

paralysis affecting symmetrical body parts

Front 38

Paraplegia

Back 38

paralysis affecting the legs

Front 39

Hemiplegia

Back 39

weakness or paralysis of entire left or right side of the body

Front 40

Quadriplegia

Back 40

also known as tetraplegia, is paralysis caused by illness or injury to a human that results in the partial or total loss of use of all their limbs and torso

Front 41

A chronic progressive cognitive disorder leading to dementia

Back 41

Alzheimer's Disease

Front 42

on-progressing but changing motor impairments of brain due to lesions

Back 42

Cerebral Palsy

Front 43

Persistent sadness, hopelessness

Back 43

Depression

Front 44

Disease marked by recurrent seizures

Back 44

Epilepsy

Front 45

Involves destruction of myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord

Back 45

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 46

Loss of sensation or purposeful movement

Back 46

Spinal Paralysis

Front 47

Sudden loss of neurological function due to vascular injury

Back 47

Stroke

Front 48

Part of the ANS that speeds things up

Back 48

Sympathetic

Front 49

Part of the ANS that slows things down

Back 49

Parasympathetic

Front 50

What is the cauda equina

Back 50

A bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots which originate in the conus medullaris of the spinal cord, located at the end of the spinal cord -- resembles a horse's tail

Front 51

Sensory tracts that deliver information to the brain

Back 51

Ascending tracts

Front 52

Motor tracts that deliver information to the periphery

Back 52

Descending tracts

Front 53

Neuron that delivers sensations to the CNS. The cell body is in the dorsal or cranial root ganglion.

Back 53

First-order neurons

Front 54

An interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord or brain

Back 54

Second-order neuron

Front 55

Transmits information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Back 55

Third-order neuron

Front 56

Which tract transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus and then to the cerebrum

Back 56

Spinothalamic tract

Front 57

What is the function of a muscle spindle?

Back 57

Stretch reflex - feedback mechanism that detects muscle length and any changes to muscle length by increasing the number of electrical signals it generates as its sensory nerve endings are stimulated

Front 58

How does the Golgi Tendon Organ work?

Back 58

A feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before the tendon tension becomes high enough to cause damage. Ipsilateral