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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two broad categories of support
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clarification support
proof support |
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cloarification support
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used to prevent confusion or misunderstanding in our message
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effective way to provide clarification is...
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the use of definitions, examples, or additional information
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proof support
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adds crdibility
show something is trrue proves or supports a point |
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three guidelines for using support material
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support should be appropriate
support should be accurate give credit where credit is due |
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all guidelines to effective support
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know what you want to accomplish (clarify or prove)
qualify your sources intergrate your sources use relevant support use appropriate support use accurate support give credit where credit is due |
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5 types of support
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definitions
examples comparisons testimony statistics |
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definition
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primarily used for clarification support because the explain, or clarify terms, jargon, acronyms, or concepts
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examples
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used for both clarification and proof support
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2 types of examples
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real life
imaginary (jokes or parables) |
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comparisons
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most frequently used to clarify relationships
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types of comparisons
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metaphor
contrast simile |
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metaphor
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figure of speech used to compare two things
compares something concrete to something abstract joe is a fast burner |
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contrast
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most used comparison in military writing
contrast old vs new or advantages vs disadvantages |
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simile
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jsut like the metaphor only less direct
uses like or as |
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two common types of proof support
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testimony
statistics |
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testimony
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information we take from experts or expert documentation to support our communication
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3 methods for using testimony
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direct quotation
quotation with omissions paraphrase |
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direct quotation
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quote someone word for word without omissions
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quotation with omissions
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we quote only part of what someone has said or written
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paraphrase
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borrowing information from someone else and putting it in your own words
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three rules for using testimony
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1 remember the general guidelines for support material
2 keep your testimony as brief as possible 3 use your testimony in context don't bend it to make it say what you'd like it to say |
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3 types of statistical support
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ratios
percentages raw numbers |
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ratios
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a numerical comparison of two or more things
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percentages
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a figure that reflects a portion of something when compared to the whole
example: in a typical SNCO academy class of 360 only 5% are reservists |
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raw numbers
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numbers that haven't been cooked yet we take them as they are--they haven't been manipulated
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rules for using statistics
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round off
use sparingly dramatize recency context |
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2 most common reasoning fallacies
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slanted reasoning
emotional appeals |
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slanted reasoning
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arises from the misuse or lack of data
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types of slanted rasoning
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hasty generalization
faulty dilemma: offers two alternatives, one the communicator wants us to accept and one that he knows we will question or never accept faulty analogy: based on the assumption that what is true of a simple or familiar situation is also true of a complex or complicated one stacking the evidence: consists of distorting or omitting imprtant evidence to get a point across the loaded question: When are we going to stop sinking money into this expensive program? |
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emothional appeals
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name calling
glittering generality smob or prestige appeal plain folks appeal bandwagon appeal |
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name calling
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the habit of giving undesirable names to things or people you dislike
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glittering generality
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giving an admirable name to something that we want others to accept
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snob or prestige appeal
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attempt to have us seek an ever higher social status
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plain folks appeal
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opposite of the snob appeal
status is looked upon with contempt the simple things in life are worth having |
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bandwagon appeal
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it asks receivers to accept an idea without examination and to believe it because their working group or social group believes it
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