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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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demography
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the study of population numbers, distribution, trends, and issues
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census
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the process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data about all people living in a particular area
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Statistics Canada
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a federal agency that conducts the census which provides a snapshot of a particular point in time of the Canadian population
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developed country
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a country with a highly developed economy and infrastructure and high living standards
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developing country
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a country with a less sophisticated economy and lower standard of living than developed countries; may have extensive poverty
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birth rate
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the number of births per 1000 people in a country in a given year
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death rate
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the number of deaths per 1000 people in a country in a given year
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immigration rate
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the number of new arrivals in a country in a given year per 1000 people
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emigration rate
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the number of people leaving a country in a given year per 1000 people
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natural increase (NI)
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the rate at which a population increases (or decreases) in a year expressed as a percentage of the total population; calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate
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exponential rate
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a rapid rate of population growth as each generation doubles in size
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rule of 70
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the time it takes a country to double its population, approximately 70 divided by the country's growth rate
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doubling time
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the number of years it takes a country to double its population at its current growth rate
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net migration
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the difference between the number of people immigrating to a country and the number of people emigrating
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migrant
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a person who moves from one region to another
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population growth rate
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the rate at which a country's population increases or decreases; calculated by adding natural increase and net migration
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life expectancy
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the average number of years an individual is expected to live
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polio
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a virus that attacks and nervous system; was rampant in the first half of the last century and crippled huge numbers of children
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demographic transition model
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a model that shows changes in a population's birth and death rates and growth based on technological development
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industrialization
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the overall change in a society from farm production and craftsmanship to mechanized manufacturing production
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urbanization
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the move of people from farms to cities where jobs are available
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mortality
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deaths in a population
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pre-transition
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the first stage of demographic transition model in which high birth rates a high fluctuating death rates result in a small population growth; plagues, diseases, and poor nutrition keep mortality high
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early transition
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the second stage of demographic transition model in which improved health care, sanitation, and increased food supplies lead to a rapid fall in death rates; birth rates are still high, so there is a rapid increase in population numbers
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late transition
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the third stage of demographic transition model in which birth rates begin to fall, so population growth begins to decline; industrialization, urbanization, and improved living standards lead to less desire for large families
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post-transition
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the fourth stage of demographic transition model in which there is a stable or slow population increase with low birth and dath rates
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declining population
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the fifth stage of demographic transition model in which birth rates drop below death rates and many older people are in the population
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family planning
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the concept of limiting the size of families
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rhythm method
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a method of birth control in which a couple does not have intercourse during the time when a woman is likely to ovulate
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sterilization
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a procedure by which a person's ability to reproduce is destroyed
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vasectomy
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a form of male sterilization in which the tube carrying sperm from each testis is cut and tied
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coercion
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the use of force
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contraception
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birth control
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total fertility rate
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the average number of children born over the lifetime of a typical woman in a particular country
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one-child pollicy
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a policy adopted by China to control population growth
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infanticide
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the act of killing an infant
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gender selection
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the choice of whether to keep a fetus based on its gender
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National Population Policy
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a policy established in 2000 to slow population growth
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population pyramid
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a bar graph that shows male and female populations back to back at age intervals of five years
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age cohort
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an age group in a population
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dependency ratio
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the proportion of the population (children and those over 65 years of age) that is being supported by the working age group
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dependency load
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the percentage of a population that is younger than 15 or older than 64 years of age
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accreditation
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recognition of meeting an official standard
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Thomas Malthus
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a British economist who wrote that population would soon outstrip food supply, leading a famine, disease, and social disorder
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Lester Brown
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a leading neo-Malthusian of the Worldwatch Institute who said that millions of people will die while the population in the developing world tries to return to a balance with the environment's ability to provide food
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neo-Malthusians
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people who share Malthus' pessimistic views regarding population growth
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carrying capacity
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the maximum number of people that can be sustained by an environment
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ecological footprint
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the impact of humans on the environment
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cornucopians
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people who have optimistic views on population growth due to advances in science and technology
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demographic regulation
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the theory that population growth will level off as living standards improve
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population distribution
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the pattern of where people live in an area
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ecumene
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the populated area of the world
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population density
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the number of people living in a given area; calculated by dividing the population by its area
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nutritional density
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a measure of how much nutrition in calories can be produced from a certain area
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